This book is an essential guide to mastering 3D printed electrochemical sensors, offering a comprehensive roadmap from foundational principles and fabrication techniques to cutting-edge applications and real-world solutions. The rapid advancement of additive manufacturing technologies, commonly known as 3D printing, has revolutionized various fields of science and engineering. Among these, the development of electrochemical sensors has particularly benefited from additive manufacturing's unique capabilities. This book provides an exhaustive exploration of 3D printed electrochemical sensors,…mehr
This book is an essential guide to mastering 3D printed electrochemical sensors, offering a comprehensive roadmap from foundational principles and fabrication techniques to cutting-edge applications and real-world solutions. The rapid advancement of additive manufacturing technologies, commonly known as 3D printing, has revolutionized various fields of science and engineering. Among these, the development of electrochemical sensors has particularly benefited from additive manufacturing's unique capabilities. This book provides an exhaustive exploration of 3D printed electrochemical sensors, from foundational principles to cutting-edge applications. By meticulously detailing design considerations, fabrication techniques, and performance evaluation metrics, it offers readers a roadmap to navigate the complexities of this interdisciplinary domain. Furthermore, with its emphasis on real-world applications and case studies, the book ensures that the knowledge imparted is not just theoretical but has practical relevance. This comprehensive guide empowers readers to harness the potential of 3D printing in the realm of electrochemical sensing, driving innovations and solutions for real-world challenges. Readers will find the book: * Provides an in-depth exploration of the design principles and fabrication techniques specific to 3D printed electrochemical sensors; * Features knowledge to innovate and develop customized sensors tailored to specific applications, ensuring improved sensitivity, selectivity, and longevity of the sensors; * Offers insights into calibration, sensitivity assessment, durability considerations, and validation protocols, highlights challenges in performance assessment, and suggests strategies to overcome them; * Explores practical applications of 3D printed electrochemical sensors across sectors like medical diagnostics, environmental monitoring, and food quality control. Audience Researchers, academics, and professionals in the fields of additive manufacturing, electrochemistry, and sensor design.
J. G. Manjunatha, PhD, is an Assistant Professor of Chemistry at Field Marshal K.M. Cariappa College. He has published 13 books and special journal issues, and over 160 research articles in reputed international journals. His research interests include electrochemistry, supercapacitors, and biosensors. Chaudhery Mustansar Hussain, PhD, is an adjunct professor and Director of Laboratories in the Department of Chemistry and Environmental Sciences at the New Jersey Institute of Technology. He is the author of numerous papers in peer-reviewed journals, as well as the author and editor of over 150 books. His research is focused on the applications of nanotechnology and advanced materials, environmental management, and analytical chemistry.
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Preface xv 1 Evaluation of 3D-Printed Technology and Essential of Electrochemical Sensing 1 Dhanyashree S. V., Ishwarya S., Rajendra Prasad S., Nagaswarupa H. P. and Ramachandra Naik 1.1 Introduction 2 1.2 Types of 3D Printing Techniques for Electrochemical Sensors 4 1.3 Materials for 3D Printing Electrochemical Sensors 8 1.4 Case Studies 9 1.5 Future Challenges in 3D Printed Electrode 11 1.6 Conclusions 12 2 Materials, Design Principles, and Need for 3D-Printed Electrochemical Sensors for Monitoring Toxicity 21 Mohan Kumar, M. Praveen, H. Nagarajaiah, Miao Wang, Rudresha S.J., Sathish Reddy and Guruprasad A.M. 2.1 Introduction 22 2.2 3D-Printed Electrochemical Sensor 26 2.3 3D-Printed Fabrication for Making Electrochemical Sensors 30 2.4 Conclusions 44 3 Nexus of Additive Manufacturing and Sensing for 3D-Printed Electrochemical Sensors 55 Puja Kumari and Sandeep Chandrashekharappa 3.1 Introduction 56 3.2 3D Printed Material Types 57 3.3 3D Printing Process 61 3.4 Additive Manufacturing Technologies for Polymers 67 3.5 Additive Manufacturing Technologies for Metals 68 3.6 Additive Manufacturing Technologies for Ceramics 69 3.7 Application of AM 70 4 Designing for Optimal Sensing and Microfluidics in Sensor Design for 3D Printed Electrochemical Sensors 83 S. Nivetha Rajakumari, R. Baby Suneetha, P. Karpagavinayagam, C. Vedhi and Nagaraja Sreeharsha 4.1 Introduction 84 4.2 Methods for Fabrication of 3D Printed Electrode 87 4.3 Three-Dimensional Printing Technologies 88 4.4 Methods of Enhanced Devices for Sensing 92 4.5 Optimization of Printing Parameters 93 4.6 Uses of Microfluidic 3D Electrode Sensors 94 4.7 Conclusion and Prospects for the Future 96 5 Multi-Material Printing and CAD Tools Usage for 3D-Printed Electrochemical Sensors 101 S. Minisha, P. Rajakani, P. Karpagavinayagam, C. Vedhi and Nagaraja Sreeharsha 5.1 Introduction 102 5.2 Materials for Multi-Material Printing 103 5.3 Conductive Materials 103 5.4 Insulating Materials 105 5.5 Sensitive Materials 106 5.6 Printing Techniques 108 5.7 Stereolithography (SLA) 110 5.8 Direct Ink Writing (DIW) 111 5.9 Inkjet Printing 112 5.10 Design Process Using CAD Tools 114 5.11 Simulation and Optimization 115 5.12 Prototyping and Testing 116 5.13 Applications of 3D-Printed Sensors 118 5.14 Challenges and Future Directions 118 5.15 Conclusion 119 6 Optimization Techniques for 3D-Printed Electrochemical Sensors 127 Pratibha S., Yashaswini and Vinay Kumar Y.B. 6.1 Introduction 128 6.2 Design of Optimization 129 6.3 Selection of Materials for 3D-Printed Electrochemical Sensors 130 6.4 Printing Techniques and Parameters 131 6.5 Applications and Future Scope 139 6.6 Conclusion 139 7 Performance and Validation for 3D-Printed Electrochemical Sensors 143 Prashanth S. Adarakatti 7.1 Introduction: Overview of Electrochemical Sensors 144 7.2 Fundamentals of 3D Printing for Electrochemical Sensors 146 7.3 Functionalization of 3D-Printed Sensors 162 7.4 Challenges and Future Directions 168 7.5 Conclusion 169 8 Applications of 3D-Printed Electrochemical Sensors in Medical Diagnostics 177 Gulsu Keles, Utku Serhat Derici, Baris Burak Altunay, Pinar Yilgor and Sevinc Kurbanoglu 8.1 Introduction 179 8.2 Applications of 3D-Printed Electrochemical Sensors in Medical Diagnostics 187 8.3 Emerging Trends and Future Applications 236 8.4 Conclusion 239 9 Application of 3D-Printed Electrochemical Sensors in Environmental Monitoring 251 Aswathy S. Murali and Beena Saraswathyamma 9.1 Introduction 252 9.2 Conclusion 263 10 Applications of 3D-Printed Electrochemical Sensors in Food Quality Control 269 Vijayan Murugesan, Stanleydhinakar Mathan, Balaji Chettiannan, Gowdhaman Arumugam and Ramesh Rajendran 10.1 Introduction to 3D-Printed Electrochemical Sensors 270 10.2 Principles of Electrochemical Sensing in Food Quality Control 272 10.3 Mechanisms of Detection and Measurement 284 10.4 Applications in Food Quality Control 286 10.5 Case Studies 289 10.6 Advantages and Limitations of 3D-Printed Electrochemical Sensors 292 10.7 Future Trends and Innovations 294 10.8 Summary 296 11 Applications of 3D-Printed Electrochemical Sensors in Energy and Industrial Processes 303 Jahnavi H. K., Indumukhi B. C., Rajendra Prasad S., Nagaswarupa H. P. and Ramachandra Naik 11.1 Introduction 304 11.2 Types of 3D Printing Techniques 306 11.3 Materials for 3D Printing Electrochemical Sensors 310 11.4 Applications in Electrochemical Energy Storage 312 11.5 Applications in Environmental Analysis 313 11.6 Conclusion 314 12 Applications of 3D-Printed Electrochemical Sensors in Agriculture 321 Hülya Silah and Bengi Uslu 12.1 Introduction 322 12.2 3D Printing Technology and Its Importance for Sensors 324 12.3 Implementations of 3D-Printed Electrochemical Sensors in Agriculture 326 12.4 Conclusions and Future Perspectives 341 13 Safety and Environmental Considerations of Three-Dimensional-Printed Electrochemical Sensors 351 S. Kalaiarasi, G. Kavitha, S. Parameswari, P. Karpagavinayagam, C. Vedhi and Nagaraja Sreeharsha 13.1 Introduction 352 13.2 Basics of Three-Dimensional Printing 353 13.3 Fabrication of 3D Electrode to Sensors and Actuators 355 13.4 Applications of 3D Electrode for Sensors 356 13.5 Conclusion 363 14 Sustainable and Eco-Friendly 3D-Printed Electrochemical Sensors 369 Riya Sharma, Jyotirmayee Sahoo and Sonu Gandhi 14.1 Introduction 370 14.2 Fundamentals of 3D Printing Technology in Sensor Fabrication 371 14.3 Applications of Sustainable and 3D-Printed Electrochemical Sensors 384 14.4 Conclusion and Future Perspectives 392 15 Challenges and Future of 3D-Printed Electrochemical Sensors 401 Vinayak Adimule, Santosh Nandi, Shankramma S. Nesargi, Vandna Sharma, Pankaj Kumar and Praveen Barmavatu 15.1 Introduction 402 15.2 Various 3D Printing Methods 404 15.3 3D Printing in Electrochemical Sensors 414 15.4 Challenges and Future Prospects 417 15.5 Conclusion 418 Acknowledgments 419 References 419 Index 427
Preface xv 1 Evaluation of 3D-Printed Technology and Essential of Electrochemical Sensing 1 Dhanyashree S. V., Ishwarya S., Rajendra Prasad S., Nagaswarupa H. P. and Ramachandra Naik 1.1 Introduction 2 1.2 Types of 3D Printing Techniques for Electrochemical Sensors 4 1.3 Materials for 3D Printing Electrochemical Sensors 8 1.4 Case Studies 9 1.5 Future Challenges in 3D Printed Electrode 11 1.6 Conclusions 12 2 Materials, Design Principles, and Need for 3D-Printed Electrochemical Sensors for Monitoring Toxicity 21 Mohan Kumar, M. Praveen, H. Nagarajaiah, Miao Wang, Rudresha S.J., Sathish Reddy and Guruprasad A.M. 2.1 Introduction 22 2.2 3D-Printed Electrochemical Sensor 26 2.3 3D-Printed Fabrication for Making Electrochemical Sensors 30 2.4 Conclusions 44 3 Nexus of Additive Manufacturing and Sensing for 3D-Printed Electrochemical Sensors 55 Puja Kumari and Sandeep Chandrashekharappa 3.1 Introduction 56 3.2 3D Printed Material Types 57 3.3 3D Printing Process 61 3.4 Additive Manufacturing Technologies for Polymers 67 3.5 Additive Manufacturing Technologies for Metals 68 3.6 Additive Manufacturing Technologies for Ceramics 69 3.7 Application of AM 70 4 Designing for Optimal Sensing and Microfluidics in Sensor Design for 3D Printed Electrochemical Sensors 83 S. Nivetha Rajakumari, R. Baby Suneetha, P. Karpagavinayagam, C. Vedhi and Nagaraja Sreeharsha 4.1 Introduction 84 4.2 Methods for Fabrication of 3D Printed Electrode 87 4.3 Three-Dimensional Printing Technologies 88 4.4 Methods of Enhanced Devices for Sensing 92 4.5 Optimization of Printing Parameters 93 4.6 Uses of Microfluidic 3D Electrode Sensors 94 4.7 Conclusion and Prospects for the Future 96 5 Multi-Material Printing and CAD Tools Usage for 3D-Printed Electrochemical Sensors 101 S. Minisha, P. Rajakani, P. Karpagavinayagam, C. Vedhi and Nagaraja Sreeharsha 5.1 Introduction 102 5.2 Materials for Multi-Material Printing 103 5.3 Conductive Materials 103 5.4 Insulating Materials 105 5.5 Sensitive Materials 106 5.6 Printing Techniques 108 5.7 Stereolithography (SLA) 110 5.8 Direct Ink Writing (DIW) 111 5.9 Inkjet Printing 112 5.10 Design Process Using CAD Tools 114 5.11 Simulation and Optimization 115 5.12 Prototyping and Testing 116 5.13 Applications of 3D-Printed Sensors 118 5.14 Challenges and Future Directions 118 5.15 Conclusion 119 6 Optimization Techniques for 3D-Printed Electrochemical Sensors 127 Pratibha S., Yashaswini and Vinay Kumar Y.B. 6.1 Introduction 128 6.2 Design of Optimization 129 6.3 Selection of Materials for 3D-Printed Electrochemical Sensors 130 6.4 Printing Techniques and Parameters 131 6.5 Applications and Future Scope 139 6.6 Conclusion 139 7 Performance and Validation for 3D-Printed Electrochemical Sensors 143 Prashanth S. Adarakatti 7.1 Introduction: Overview of Electrochemical Sensors 144 7.2 Fundamentals of 3D Printing for Electrochemical Sensors 146 7.3 Functionalization of 3D-Printed Sensors 162 7.4 Challenges and Future Directions 168 7.5 Conclusion 169 8 Applications of 3D-Printed Electrochemical Sensors in Medical Diagnostics 177 Gulsu Keles, Utku Serhat Derici, Baris Burak Altunay, Pinar Yilgor and Sevinc Kurbanoglu 8.1 Introduction 179 8.2 Applications of 3D-Printed Electrochemical Sensors in Medical Diagnostics 187 8.3 Emerging Trends and Future Applications 236 8.4 Conclusion 239 9 Application of 3D-Printed Electrochemical Sensors in Environmental Monitoring 251 Aswathy S. Murali and Beena Saraswathyamma 9.1 Introduction 252 9.2 Conclusion 263 10 Applications of 3D-Printed Electrochemical Sensors in Food Quality Control 269 Vijayan Murugesan, Stanleydhinakar Mathan, Balaji Chettiannan, Gowdhaman Arumugam and Ramesh Rajendran 10.1 Introduction to 3D-Printed Electrochemical Sensors 270 10.2 Principles of Electrochemical Sensing in Food Quality Control 272 10.3 Mechanisms of Detection and Measurement 284 10.4 Applications in Food Quality Control 286 10.5 Case Studies 289 10.6 Advantages and Limitations of 3D-Printed Electrochemical Sensors 292 10.7 Future Trends and Innovations 294 10.8 Summary 296 11 Applications of 3D-Printed Electrochemical Sensors in Energy and Industrial Processes 303 Jahnavi H. K., Indumukhi B. C., Rajendra Prasad S., Nagaswarupa H. P. and Ramachandra Naik 11.1 Introduction 304 11.2 Types of 3D Printing Techniques 306 11.3 Materials for 3D Printing Electrochemical Sensors 310 11.4 Applications in Electrochemical Energy Storage 312 11.5 Applications in Environmental Analysis 313 11.6 Conclusion 314 12 Applications of 3D-Printed Electrochemical Sensors in Agriculture 321 Hülya Silah and Bengi Uslu 12.1 Introduction 322 12.2 3D Printing Technology and Its Importance for Sensors 324 12.3 Implementations of 3D-Printed Electrochemical Sensors in Agriculture 326 12.4 Conclusions and Future Perspectives 341 13 Safety and Environmental Considerations of Three-Dimensional-Printed Electrochemical Sensors 351 S. Kalaiarasi, G. Kavitha, S. Parameswari, P. Karpagavinayagam, C. Vedhi and Nagaraja Sreeharsha 13.1 Introduction 352 13.2 Basics of Three-Dimensional Printing 353 13.3 Fabrication of 3D Electrode to Sensors and Actuators 355 13.4 Applications of 3D Electrode for Sensors 356 13.5 Conclusion 363 14 Sustainable and Eco-Friendly 3D-Printed Electrochemical Sensors 369 Riya Sharma, Jyotirmayee Sahoo and Sonu Gandhi 14.1 Introduction 370 14.2 Fundamentals of 3D Printing Technology in Sensor Fabrication 371 14.3 Applications of Sustainable and 3D-Printed Electrochemical Sensors 384 14.4 Conclusion and Future Perspectives 392 15 Challenges and Future of 3D-Printed Electrochemical Sensors 401 Vinayak Adimule, Santosh Nandi, Shankramma S. Nesargi, Vandna Sharma, Pankaj Kumar and Praveen Barmavatu 15.1 Introduction 402 15.2 Various 3D Printing Methods 404 15.3 3D Printing in Electrochemical Sensors 414 15.4 Challenges and Future Prospects 417 15.5 Conclusion 418 Acknowledgments 419 References 419 Index 427
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