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From battlefield blessings to papal proclamations, from Augustine's reluctant acceptance of warfare to Aquinas's systematic ethics, this groundbreaking exploration reveals how medieval Christians wrestled with humanity's most challenging moral dilemma: when, if ever, is violence justified? Medieval Theology and the Just War Doctrine takes readers on a riveting journey through a thousand years of intellectual history, uncovering the sophisticated moral framework that continues to shape modern international law and military ethics. Far from the simplistic caricature of medieval warfare as unrestrained religious violence, we discover a world of nuanced ethical debate, where theologians, canonists, and mystics developed increasingly refined approaches to limiting bloodshed while acknowledging its tragic necessity. The book illuminates forgotten dimensions of this rich tradition-the surprising contributions of medieval women like Hildegard of Bingen and Christine de Pizan, the complex liturgical rituals that sanctified warfare while constraining it, and the cross-cultural exchanges with Islamic thought that enriched Christian approaches. Through vivid case studies of specific conflicts, from the Albigensian Crusade to the Hundred Years' War, we witness how abstract principles confronted messy reality, revealing tensions between religious ideals and political necessities that remain unresolved today. This masterful synthesis speaks directly to contemporary challenges-the ethics of humanitarian intervention, protection of civilians, and the search for balance between security and justice. In an age when both religious violence and secular warfare raise profound ethical questions, Medieval Theology and the Just War Doctrine recovers crucial wisdom from an era that, for all its differences from our own, grappled with the same fundamental human dilemmas about the moral complexities of organized violence in a broken yet redeemable world.