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Health, Illness, and Society, Updated Second Edition provides a comprehensive yet concise introduction to medical sociology. In his accessible style, Steven Barkan covers health and illness behaviors, the social determinants of health problems, the health professions and health care system in the U.S., and how the U.S. system compares to that of other countries. The updated second edition adds a new chapter, "The COVID-19 Pandemic," which highlights several ways in which the pandemic exhibits health and health behavior disparities resulting from social inequalities and the deficiencies of the…mehr
Health, Illness, and Society, Updated Second Edition provides a comprehensive yet concise introduction to medical sociology. In his accessible style, Steven Barkan covers health and illness behaviors, the social determinants of health problems, the health professions and health care system in the U.S., and how the U.S. system compares to that of other countries. The updated second edition adds a new chapter, "The COVID-19 Pandemic," which highlights several ways in which the pandemic exhibits health and health behavior disparities resulting from social inequalities and the deficiencies of the U.S. health system. The book also critically examines the achievements and limitations of the Affordable Care Act and discusses efforts of the Trump administration to weaken the ACA. Each chapter opens with learning questions to guide the student and "Health and Illness in the News" stories that apply each chapter's contents to contemporary events. Chapter summaries reinforce key ideas and "Give it Some Thought" boxes emphasize critical thinking. New to the Updated Second Edition New Chapter 14, "The COVID-19 Pandemic," discusses several ways in which the pandemic reveals health and health behavior disparities New data on medical students and faculty, sexual harassment in medical school, and medical school debt provide students with a deeper understanding of the issues facing doctors New health care data on peer nations and discussion of health and health care rankings of U.S. women provide a critical examination of the quality and cost of health care in the U.S. versus its peer nations Enhanced examination of health insurance status and surprise medical billing, updated survey data on health care costs, and a discussion of high deductibles emphasize the patient financial burden created by a private system of medicine
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Autorenporträt
Steven E. Barkan is professor emeritus of sociology at the University of Maine. He is the author of several texts, including Criminology: A Sociological Understanding, 8e, Law and Society: An Introduction, 2e, and Sociology: Understanding and Changing the Social World, version 3.0. , Social Problems: Continuity and Change (Flat World Knowledge), and Discovering Society: Using MicroCase ExplorIT, 3e (Cengage). Professor Barkan has written many journal articles dealing with topics such as racial prejudice and death penalty attitudes, views on police brutality, political trials, and feminist activism. These articles have appeared in the American Sociological Review, Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, Journal of Crime and Justice, Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, Justice Quarterly, Social Forces, Social Problems, Sociological Forum, Sociological Inquiry, and other journals. Professor Barkan is a past president of the Society for the Study of Social Problems and currently Vice President/President-elect of the Text and Academic Authors Association.
Inhaltsangabe
Preface Acknowledgments About the Author 1 Sociology and the Study of Health and Illness LEARNING QUESTIONS SOCIOLOGY AND MEDICAL SOCIOLOGY Sociology's Major Themes The Sociological Imagination Sociology's Theoretical Traditions THE SCOPE OF MEDICAL SOCIOLOGY The Influence of the Social Environment The Practice of Health Care The Social Construction of Illness RESEARCH METHODS IN MEDICAL SOCIOLOGY Surveys Qualitative Research Experiments Criteria of Causality CONCLUSION Summary Giving It Some Thought Key Terms 2 A Social History of Health and Illness LEARNING QUESTIONS HEALTH AND ILLNESS IN THE PREINDUSTRIAL WORLD The Ancient Civilizations The Middle Ages THE RISE OF SCIENTIFIC MEDICINE The Renaissance The Eighteenth Century The Nineteenth Century Ethical Issues in Scientific Medicine SOCIAL EPIDEMIOLOGY YESTERDAY AND TODAY The Industrial Revolution The Beginning of Epidemiology: John Snow and Cholera The Epidemiological Transition Public Health A Word about Rates CONCLUSION Summary Giving It Some Thought Key Terms 3 Health Behavior LEARNING QUESTIONS WHAT IS HEALTH BEHAVIOR? UNDERSTANDING HEALTH BEHAVIOR Macro Factors Micro Factors THE SOCIAL CONTEXT OF HEALTH BEHAVIOR: SOCIAL CLASS, RACE AND ETHNICITY, AND GENDER Social Class Race and Ethnicity Gender Illustrating the Effects of Social Class, Race and Ethnicity, and Gender THE SOCIAL CONTEXT OF HEALTH BEHAVIOR: OTHER FACTORS Social Relationships Neighborhood Living Conditions Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity Religious Involvement Corporate Practices Public Policy CONCLUSION Summary Giving It Some Thought Key Terms 4 Illness Behavior and the Illness Experience LEARNING QUESTIONS UNDERSTANDING ILLNESS Illness as a Social Construction Medicalization ILLNESS BEHAVIOR Stages of the Illness Experience Self-Care Help-Seeking Behavior The Social Context of Help-Seeking Behavior THE EXPERIENCE OF ILLNESS The Sick Role Coping with Illness A Representative Study of the Illness Experience: Women with STDs CONCLUSION Summary Giving It Some Thought Key Terms 5 Social Causes of Health and Health Problems LEARNING QUESTIONS 85 SOCIAL CONDITIONS AS FUNDAMENTAL CAUSES OF DISEASE SOCIAL CONDITIONS AS FUNDAMENTAL CAUSES OF HEALTH INEQUALITIES Social Class Race and Ethnicity Gender and Sex Age Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity OTHER SOCIAL CAUSES OF HEALTH AND HEALTH PROBLEMS Social Stress Social Relationships and Social Support Religion Neighborhood Living Conditions Environmental Pollution and Hazards Unsafe Products and Workplaces Interpersonal Violence and Handgun Violence CONCLUSION Summary Giving It Some Thought Key Terms 6 Global Disparities in Health and Disease LEARNING QUESTIONS UNDERSTANDING GLOBAL INEQUALITY Categorizing Global Inequality Measuring World Poverty Explaining Global Inequality DIMENSIONS OF GLOBAL HEALTH DISPARITIES Malnutrition and Hunger Children's Health Women's Health Environmental Pollution and Hazards Substandard Health Care HIV and AIDS DOCUMENTING GLOBAL HEALTH DISPARITIES Life Expectancy HIV/AIDS Tuberculosis Child Mortality Child Underweight Maternal Mortality Natural Disaster Deaths Births Attended by Skilled Health Personnel CONCLUSION Summary Giving It Some Thought Key Terms 7 Medical School and the Training of Physicians LEARNING QUESTIONS DEVELOPMENT OF MEDICAL SCHOOLS AND MEDICAL EDUCATION Medical Education in Early America Nineteenth-Century Developments The Flexner Report MEDICAL SCHOOLS TODAY Sociodemographic Profile of U.S. Medical Students A Brief Look at Medical School Faculty THE LIVES AND EXPERIENCES OF MEDICAL STUDENTS Stress, Fatigue, and Burnout The Socialization of Medical Students CONCLUSION Summary Giving It Some Thought Key Terms 8 Physicians and Their Interaction with Patients LEARNING QUESTIONS THE PROFESSION OF MEDICINE The Practice of Medicine in Early America Impact of the American Medical Association The Downside of Professionalization Decline of the Medical Profession's Dominance Medical Malpractice A PROFILE OF PHYSICIANS TODAY Types of Physicians The Physician Shortage Women Physicians PHYSICIAN-PATIENT INTERACTION Models of Physician-Patient Interaction Gender, Race and Ethnicity, and Physician-Patient Interaction CONCLUSION Summary Giving It Some Thought Key Terms 9 Other Health Care Providers: Conventional and Alternative LEARNING QUESTIONS MAINSTREAM HEALTH CARE Nurses and Nursing Other Mainstream Health Care Providers COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE (CAM) Prevalence of CAM Sociodemographic Characteristics and CAM Use Effectiveness of CAM CONCLUSION Summary Giving It Some Thought Key Terms 10 Hospitals and Other Health Care Settings LEARNING QUESTIONS HOSPITALS A Brief History of Hospitals Hospitals in the United States Today Problems with U.S. Hospitals OTHER HEALTH CARE SETTINGS Ambulatory Care Facilities Nursing Homes Home Health Care and Hospice Care CONCLUSION Summary Giving It Some Thought Key Terms 11 Health and Health Care in the World's Wealthy Democracies LEARNING QUESTIONS THE HEALTH CARE SYSTEMS OF WEALTHY DEMOCRACIES Models of Health Care Systems The Health Care Systems of Selected Nations COMPARING THE WEALTHY DEMOCRACIES Comparing Health in Wealthy Democracies Comparing Health Care in Wealthy Democracies Explaining the U.S. Health Disadvantage CONCLUSION Summary Giving It Some Thought Key Terms 12 The U.S. Health Care System LEARNING QUESTIONS THE U.S. HEALTH CARE "SYSTEM" U.S. HEALTH CARE BY THE NUMBERS The Cost of Health Care Sources of Health Care Spending Sponsors of Health Care Spending Health Care Employment Health Care Visits Health Insurance PROBLEMS IN U.S. HEALTH CARE DELIVERY Fragmentation and Lack of Coordination Health Insurance Coverage: Uninsurance and Underinsurance Social Inequalities in Health Care Delivery The High Cost of Health Care Waste in Health Care Spending CONCLUSION Summary Giving It Some Thought Key Terms 13 Health Care Reform: Obamacare and Beyond LEARNING QUESTIONS ORIGINS OF U.S. HEALTH INSURANCE The Progressive Era The Great Depression and the New Deal The 1940s and 1950s The 1960s: Medicare and Medicaid The 1970s and 1980s 1990s-08 THE PATIENT PROTECTION AND AFFORDABLE CARE ACT (OBAMACARE) Major Health Benefit Provisions of Obamacare The Individual Mandate ACHIEVEMENTS AND LIMITATIONS OF OBAMACARE Achievements of Obamacare Limitations of Obamacare Reforms within Obamacare BEYOND OBAMACARE Medicare for All The Bismarck Model A Nonprofit Insurance Alternative A Final Word POSTSCRIPT: A SOCIOLOGICAL PRESCRIPTION FOR REDUCING THE U.S. HEALTH DISADVANTAGE CONCLUSION Summary Giving It Some Thought Key Terms 14 The COVID-19 Pandemic LEARNING QUESTIONS SOCIOLOGY AND THE STUDY OF HEALTH AND ILLNESS A SOCIAL HISTORY OF HEALTH AND ILLNESS HEALTH BEHAVIOR ILLNESS BEHAVIOR AND THE EXPERIENCES OF ILLNESS SOCIAL CAUSES OF HEALTH AND HEALTH PROBLEMS Race and Ethnicity Social Class Political Party Affiliation Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity GLOBAL DISPARITIES IN HEALTH AND DISEASE PHYSICIANS AND OTHER HEALTH CARE PROVIDERS HOSPITALS AND OTHER HEALTH CARE SETTINGS HEALTH AND HEALTH CARE IN THE WORLD'S WEALTHY DEMOCRACIES VERSUS THE UNITED STATES CONCLUSION Summary Giving It Some Thought Key Terms Glossary References Index
Preface Acknowledgments About the Author 1 Sociology and the Study of Health and Illness LEARNING QUESTIONS SOCIOLOGY AND MEDICAL SOCIOLOGY Sociology's Major Themes The Sociological Imagination Sociology's Theoretical Traditions THE SCOPE OF MEDICAL SOCIOLOGY The Influence of the Social Environment The Practice of Health Care The Social Construction of Illness RESEARCH METHODS IN MEDICAL SOCIOLOGY Surveys Qualitative Research Experiments Criteria of Causality CONCLUSION Summary Giving It Some Thought Key Terms 2 A Social History of Health and Illness LEARNING QUESTIONS HEALTH AND ILLNESS IN THE PREINDUSTRIAL WORLD The Ancient Civilizations The Middle Ages THE RISE OF SCIENTIFIC MEDICINE The Renaissance The Eighteenth Century The Nineteenth Century Ethical Issues in Scientific Medicine SOCIAL EPIDEMIOLOGY YESTERDAY AND TODAY The Industrial Revolution The Beginning of Epidemiology: John Snow and Cholera The Epidemiological Transition Public Health A Word about Rates CONCLUSION Summary Giving It Some Thought Key Terms 3 Health Behavior LEARNING QUESTIONS WHAT IS HEALTH BEHAVIOR? UNDERSTANDING HEALTH BEHAVIOR Macro Factors Micro Factors THE SOCIAL CONTEXT OF HEALTH BEHAVIOR: SOCIAL CLASS, RACE AND ETHNICITY, AND GENDER Social Class Race and Ethnicity Gender Illustrating the Effects of Social Class, Race and Ethnicity, and Gender THE SOCIAL CONTEXT OF HEALTH BEHAVIOR: OTHER FACTORS Social Relationships Neighborhood Living Conditions Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity Religious Involvement Corporate Practices Public Policy CONCLUSION Summary Giving It Some Thought Key Terms 4 Illness Behavior and the Illness Experience LEARNING QUESTIONS UNDERSTANDING ILLNESS Illness as a Social Construction Medicalization ILLNESS BEHAVIOR Stages of the Illness Experience Self-Care Help-Seeking Behavior The Social Context of Help-Seeking Behavior THE EXPERIENCE OF ILLNESS The Sick Role Coping with Illness A Representative Study of the Illness Experience: Women with STDs CONCLUSION Summary Giving It Some Thought Key Terms 5 Social Causes of Health and Health Problems LEARNING QUESTIONS 85 SOCIAL CONDITIONS AS FUNDAMENTAL CAUSES OF DISEASE SOCIAL CONDITIONS AS FUNDAMENTAL CAUSES OF HEALTH INEQUALITIES Social Class Race and Ethnicity Gender and Sex Age Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity OTHER SOCIAL CAUSES OF HEALTH AND HEALTH PROBLEMS Social Stress Social Relationships and Social Support Religion Neighborhood Living Conditions Environmental Pollution and Hazards Unsafe Products and Workplaces Interpersonal Violence and Handgun Violence CONCLUSION Summary Giving It Some Thought Key Terms 6 Global Disparities in Health and Disease LEARNING QUESTIONS UNDERSTANDING GLOBAL INEQUALITY Categorizing Global Inequality Measuring World Poverty Explaining Global Inequality DIMENSIONS OF GLOBAL HEALTH DISPARITIES Malnutrition and Hunger Children's Health Women's Health Environmental Pollution and Hazards Substandard Health Care HIV and AIDS DOCUMENTING GLOBAL HEALTH DISPARITIES Life Expectancy HIV/AIDS Tuberculosis Child Mortality Child Underweight Maternal Mortality Natural Disaster Deaths Births Attended by Skilled Health Personnel CONCLUSION Summary Giving It Some Thought Key Terms 7 Medical School and the Training of Physicians LEARNING QUESTIONS DEVELOPMENT OF MEDICAL SCHOOLS AND MEDICAL EDUCATION Medical Education in Early America Nineteenth-Century Developments The Flexner Report MEDICAL SCHOOLS TODAY Sociodemographic Profile of U.S. Medical Students A Brief Look at Medical School Faculty THE LIVES AND EXPERIENCES OF MEDICAL STUDENTS Stress, Fatigue, and Burnout The Socialization of Medical Students CONCLUSION Summary Giving It Some Thought Key Terms 8 Physicians and Their Interaction with Patients LEARNING QUESTIONS THE PROFESSION OF MEDICINE The Practice of Medicine in Early America Impact of the American Medical Association The Downside of Professionalization Decline of the Medical Profession's Dominance Medical Malpractice A PROFILE OF PHYSICIANS TODAY Types of Physicians The Physician Shortage Women Physicians PHYSICIAN-PATIENT INTERACTION Models of Physician-Patient Interaction Gender, Race and Ethnicity, and Physician-Patient Interaction CONCLUSION Summary Giving It Some Thought Key Terms 9 Other Health Care Providers: Conventional and Alternative LEARNING QUESTIONS MAINSTREAM HEALTH CARE Nurses and Nursing Other Mainstream Health Care Providers COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE (CAM) Prevalence of CAM Sociodemographic Characteristics and CAM Use Effectiveness of CAM CONCLUSION Summary Giving It Some Thought Key Terms 10 Hospitals and Other Health Care Settings LEARNING QUESTIONS HOSPITALS A Brief History of Hospitals Hospitals in the United States Today Problems with U.S. Hospitals OTHER HEALTH CARE SETTINGS Ambulatory Care Facilities Nursing Homes Home Health Care and Hospice Care CONCLUSION Summary Giving It Some Thought Key Terms 11 Health and Health Care in the World's Wealthy Democracies LEARNING QUESTIONS THE HEALTH CARE SYSTEMS OF WEALTHY DEMOCRACIES Models of Health Care Systems The Health Care Systems of Selected Nations COMPARING THE WEALTHY DEMOCRACIES Comparing Health in Wealthy Democracies Comparing Health Care in Wealthy Democracies Explaining the U.S. Health Disadvantage CONCLUSION Summary Giving It Some Thought Key Terms 12 The U.S. Health Care System LEARNING QUESTIONS THE U.S. HEALTH CARE "SYSTEM" U.S. HEALTH CARE BY THE NUMBERS The Cost of Health Care Sources of Health Care Spending Sponsors of Health Care Spending Health Care Employment Health Care Visits Health Insurance PROBLEMS IN U.S. HEALTH CARE DELIVERY Fragmentation and Lack of Coordination Health Insurance Coverage: Uninsurance and Underinsurance Social Inequalities in Health Care Delivery The High Cost of Health Care Waste in Health Care Spending CONCLUSION Summary Giving It Some Thought Key Terms 13 Health Care Reform: Obamacare and Beyond LEARNING QUESTIONS ORIGINS OF U.S. HEALTH INSURANCE The Progressive Era The Great Depression and the New Deal The 1940s and 1950s The 1960s: Medicare and Medicaid The 1970s and 1980s 1990s-08 THE PATIENT PROTECTION AND AFFORDABLE CARE ACT (OBAMACARE) Major Health Benefit Provisions of Obamacare The Individual Mandate ACHIEVEMENTS AND LIMITATIONS OF OBAMACARE Achievements of Obamacare Limitations of Obamacare Reforms within Obamacare BEYOND OBAMACARE Medicare for All The Bismarck Model A Nonprofit Insurance Alternative A Final Word POSTSCRIPT: A SOCIOLOGICAL PRESCRIPTION FOR REDUCING THE U.S. HEALTH DISADVANTAGE CONCLUSION Summary Giving It Some Thought Key Terms 14 The COVID-19 Pandemic LEARNING QUESTIONS SOCIOLOGY AND THE STUDY OF HEALTH AND ILLNESS A SOCIAL HISTORY OF HEALTH AND ILLNESS HEALTH BEHAVIOR ILLNESS BEHAVIOR AND THE EXPERIENCES OF ILLNESS SOCIAL CAUSES OF HEALTH AND HEALTH PROBLEMS Race and Ethnicity Social Class Political Party Affiliation Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity GLOBAL DISPARITIES IN HEALTH AND DISEASE PHYSICIANS AND OTHER HEALTH CARE PROVIDERS HOSPITALS AND OTHER HEALTH CARE SETTINGS HEALTH AND HEALTH CARE IN THE WORLD'S WEALTHY DEMOCRACIES VERSUS THE UNITED STATES CONCLUSION Summary Giving It Some Thought Key Terms Glossary References Index
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