Konstantinos Dalamagkidis, Kimon P. Valavanis, Les A. Piegl

On Integrating Unmanned Aircraft Systems into the National Airspace System (eBook, PDF)

Issues, Challenges, Operational Restrictions, Certification, and Recommendations

• Format: PDF

Produktbeschreibung

Commercial interest for unmanned aircraft systems (UAS) has seen a steady increase over the last decade. Nevertheless, UAS operations have remained almost exclusively military. This is mainly due to the lack of a regulatory framework that allows only limited public and civil UAS operations with usually crippling restrictions. Although efforts from the Federal Aviation Administration and its partners are already underway to integrate UAS in the National Airspace System (NAS), the appropriate regulation will not be ready for several more years. In the meantime UAS developers need to be aware of the current operational restrictions, as well as make informed decisions on their research and development efforts so that their designs will be airworthy when the regulatory framework is in place.

This monograph aims to present an overview of current aviation regulation followed by an investigation of issues and factors that will affect future regulation.

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Produktdetails

• Verlag: Springer Netherlands
• Seitenzahl: 200
• Erscheinungstermin: 14. November 2008
• Englisch
• ISBN-13: 9781402086724
• Artikelnr.: 37345130

Inhaltsangabe

1 Introduction.- 1.1 What's in a name . . .UAV or UAS?.- 1.2 Motivation and Rationale.- 1.3 On Regulating Safety.- 1.4 Book Objectives and Outline.- References.- 2 Aviation History and Unmanned Flight.- 2.1 Precursors of Flight and Unmanned Aircraft.- 2.2 1916-1944.- 2.3 The Machines of the Cold War.- 2.4 Modern Systems.- 2.5 Remarks.- References.- 3 Current Manned Aviation Regulation.- 3.1 Introduction.- 3.2 Airworthiness Certification.- 3.2.1 Type Certificate.- 3.2.2 Standard Certificates.- 3.2.3 Special Certificates.- 3.3 Special Aircraft Categories.- 3.3.1 Vehicles.- 3.3.2 R/C Models.- 3.4 Pilot Certification.- 3.5 FAR Operation Rules.- 3.5.1 Flight Rules.- 3.5.2 Emergency Rules.- 3.5.3 Maintenance Requirements.- 3.6 Airspace Classes.- 3.7 Regulation Development Models.- References.- 4 Unmanned Aircraft Systems Regulation.- 4.1 Introduction.- 4.2 International Civil Aviation Organization.- 4.3 United States.- 4.3.1 RTCA.- 4.3.2 ASTM.- 4.3.3 SAE.- 4.3.4 Current Certification Paths and Operational Guidelines.- 4.4 Europe.- 4.4.1 EASA.- 4.4.2 EUROCONTROL.- 4.4.3 EUROCAE.- 4.4.4 Other European Union Activities.- 4.4.5 National Activities.- 4.5 Australia.- 4.6 Canada.- 4.7Japan.- 4.8 International UAS Associations.- 4.9 Light and Small UAS.- 4.9.1 United States.- 4.9.2 Europe.- 4.10 Military Regulations.- 4.10.1 United States.- 4.10.2 Europe.- 4.10.3 NATO.- References.- 5 UAS Safety Assessment and Functional Requirements.- 5.1 Equivalent Level of Safety.- 5.1.1 Manned Aviation Requirements.- 5.1.2 Derivation of an ELOS for UAS.- 5.2 UAS Accident Types.- 5.3 Ground Impact Fatality Risk Modeling.- 5.3.1 Ground Impact ELOS.- 5.3.2 Exposure to Ground Impact Accidents.- 5.3.3 Probability of Fatality of Exposed Persons.- 5.3.4 Frequency of Ground Impact Accidents.- 5.4 Mid-air Collision Fatality Risk Modeling.- 5.4.1 Mid-air Collision ELOS.- 5.4.2 Exposure and Risk of Fatality.- 5.4.3 Conflicting Trajectory Expectation.- 5.4.4 Collision Probability.- 5.5 Model Choice.- 5.6 Translating an Accident TLS to System Reliability Requirements.- 5.7 Risk Mitigation.- References 6 Case Studies ..- References.- 7 Thoughts and Recommendations on a UAS Integration Roadmap.- 7.1 Regulation Development.- 7.1.1 Applications.- 7.1.2 Flight Characteristics.- 7.1.3 Sacrificability.- 7.1.4 Pilot Physically Removed from Cockpit.- 7.1.5 UAS as Systems.- 7.1.6 Take-off Weight.- 7.1.7 Passengers and Cargo.- 7.1.8 Payload ..- 7.1.9 Operational Security.- 7.2 Operational Risk Reference System.- 7.3 UAS Classification.- 7.3.1 Classification Based on Ground Impact Risk.- 7.3.2 Classification Based on Mid-air Collision Risk.- 7.3.3 Classification Based on Autonomy.- 7.3.4 Other Classifications.- 7.4 Certification Paths.- 7.5 Equipment Certification.- 7.6 Operator Training and Certification.- 7.7 Technology Issues.- 7.7.1 Collision Avoidance.- 7.7.2 Sensors.- 7.7.3 Communications.- 7.7.4 Power and Propulsion Systems.- 7.7.5 Launch, Recovery and Flight Termination Systems.- 7.8 Technology Testing and Evaluation.- References.- 8 Epilogue.- 8.1 Why UAS?.- 8.2 UAS for Military Applications and Related Challenges.- 8.3 UAS for Civilian Applications: Challenges and Issues.- 8.4 Challenges, Enabling Technologies.- 8.5 The Road Ahead.- References.- Glossary.- References.- A Human Vulnerability.- A.1 Injury Types and Severity.- A.2 Vulnerability Modeling Considerations.- A.3 Vulnerability Models.- A.3.1 Vulnerability Thresholds.- A.3.2 Log-normal Vulnerability Models.- A.3.3 The Viscous Criterion (VC) and the Blunt Criterion (BC).- A.3.4 Penetrating Injuries.- References.- B Ground fatality probability model sensitivity analysis.- B.1 Background.- B.2 Analysis.- B.2.1 Kinetic Energy at Impact Results.- B.2.2 Parameter a Results.- B.2.3 ShelteringFactor Results.- B.3 Discussion.- References.- C UAS Reference.- Index.