This book will present the theoretical and technological elements of nanosystems. Among the different topics discussed, the authors include the electromechanical properties of NEMS, the scaling effects that give these their interesting properties for different applications and the current manufacturing processes. The authors aim to provide useful tools for future readers and will provide an accurate picture of current and future research in the field.
This book will present the theoretical and technological elements of nanosystems. Among the different topics discussed, the authors include the electromechanical properties of NEMS, the scaling effects that give these their interesting properties for different applications and the current manufacturing processes. The authors aim to provide useful tools for future readers and will provide an accurate picture of current and future research in the field.
Laurent Duraffourg is a Senior Scientist at the CEA-LETI (Minatec campus) laboratory in Grenoble, France. He is currently heading the nanophotonics and optical sensors lab of CEA-LETI. Julien Arcamone is the MEMS Business Development Manager of CEA-LETI in Grenoble, France. He was formerly a research scientist in NEMS devices.
Inhaltsangabe
PREFACE vii PHYSICAL CONSTANTS ix NOTATIONS xi CHAPTER 1. FROM MEMS TO NEMS 1 1.1. Micro- and nanoelectromechanical systems: an overview 1 1.2. Conclusion 9 CHAPTER 2. TRANSDUCTION ON THE NANOMETRIC SCALE AND THE NOTION OF NOISE 13 2.1. Mechanical transfer function 14 2.2. Transduction principles 20 2.2.1. The actuation of nanostructures 23 2.2.2. Detection 31 2.3. Self-oscillation and noises 49 2.4. Conclusion 58 CHAPTER 3. MONOLITHIC INTEGRATION OF NEMS WITH THEIR READOUT ELECTRONICS 61 3.1. Foreword 61 3.1.1. Why integrate NEMS with their readout electronics? 61 3.1.2. What are the differences between MEMS-CMOS and NEMS-CMOS? 62 3.2. The advantages of and main approaches to monolithic integration 64 3.2.1. A comparison of integration schemes and their electrical performance 64 3.2.2. Closed-loop NEMS-CMOS oscillators: the essential building block for NEMS-based frequency sensors 69 3.2.3. Overview of the main achievements from the perspective of manufacturing technology 70 3.3. Analysis of some significant achievements from the perspective of transduction 75 3.3.1. Examples of capacitive NEMS-CMOS 75 3.3.2. Examples of piezoresistive NEMS-CMOS 82 3.3.3. Alternative approaches 85 3.4. Conclusions and future perspectives 86 CHAPTER 4. NEMS AND SCALING EFFECTS 89 4.1. Introduction 89 4.1.1. Intrinsic losses 96 4.1.2. Extrinsic losses 97 4.2. Near field effect in a nanostructure: Casimir force 102 4.2.1. Intuitive explanation of the Casimir force 102 4.2.2. The problem 105 4.2.3. Rigorous calculation of the Casimir force between two silicon slabs 107 4.2.4. Impact of the Casimir force in a nano-accelerometer 113 4.2.5. Conclusion 117 4.3. Example of "intrinsic" scaling effects: electrical conduction laws 117 4.3.1. Electrical resistivity 117 4.3.2. Piezoresistive effect 125 4.4. Optomechanical nano-oscillators and quantum optomechanics 136 4.5. Conclusion 147 CHAPTER 5. CONCLUSION AND APPLICATION PROSPECTS: FROM FUNDAMENTAL PHYSICS TO APPLIED PHYSICS 149 APPENDIX 167 BIBLIOGRAPHY 175 INDEX 193
PREFACE vii PHYSICAL CONSTANTS ix NOTATIONS xi CHAPTER 1. FROM MEMS TO NEMS 1 1.1. Micro- and nanoelectromechanical systems: an overview 1 1.2. Conclusion 9 CHAPTER 2. TRANSDUCTION ON THE NANOMETRIC SCALE AND THE NOTION OF NOISE 13 2.1. Mechanical transfer function 14 2.2. Transduction principles 20 2.2.1. The actuation of nanostructures 23 2.2.2. Detection 31 2.3. Self-oscillation and noises 49 2.4. Conclusion 58 CHAPTER 3. MONOLITHIC INTEGRATION OF NEMS WITH THEIR READOUT ELECTRONICS 61 3.1. Foreword 61 3.1.1. Why integrate NEMS with their readout electronics? 61 3.1.2. What are the differences between MEMS-CMOS and NEMS-CMOS? 62 3.2. The advantages of and main approaches to monolithic integration 64 3.2.1. A comparison of integration schemes and their electrical performance 64 3.2.2. Closed-loop NEMS-CMOS oscillators: the essential building block for NEMS-based frequency sensors 69 3.2.3. Overview of the main achievements from the perspective of manufacturing technology 70 3.3. Analysis of some significant achievements from the perspective of transduction 75 3.3.1. Examples of capacitive NEMS-CMOS 75 3.3.2. Examples of piezoresistive NEMS-CMOS 82 3.3.3. Alternative approaches 85 3.4. Conclusions and future perspectives 86 CHAPTER 4. NEMS AND SCALING EFFECTS 89 4.1. Introduction 89 4.1.1. Intrinsic losses 96 4.1.2. Extrinsic losses 97 4.2. Near field effect in a nanostructure: Casimir force 102 4.2.1. Intuitive explanation of the Casimir force 102 4.2.2. The problem 105 4.2.3. Rigorous calculation of the Casimir force between two silicon slabs 107 4.2.4. Impact of the Casimir force in a nano-accelerometer 113 4.2.5. Conclusion 117 4.3. Example of "intrinsic" scaling effects: electrical conduction laws 117 4.3.1. Electrical resistivity 117 4.3.2. Piezoresistive effect 125 4.4. Optomechanical nano-oscillators and quantum optomechanics 136 4.5. Conclusion 147 CHAPTER 5. CONCLUSION AND APPLICATION PROSPECTS: FROM FUNDAMENTAL PHYSICS TO APPLIED PHYSICS 149 APPENDIX 167 BIBLIOGRAPHY 175 INDEX 193
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