The majority (about 88%) of Indonesian people is Muslim. Although Islam is not mentioned in the Indonesian Constitution, it plays a significant role in the social and political changes of the fourth most populated country. Since the establishment of the first Islamic Kingdom in Indonesia at the end of the 13th century, Islam has become one of the sources in the formation of values, norms and behaviour of the Indonesian people. In the period of Dutch colonial rule it helped to maintain, sustain and even symbolize their identity as well as their opposition against foreign rule. In modern-day changing Indonesia it has maintained its function as a standard of morality and behaviour for the Muslim community. The term "democracy" is frequently discussed in the Muslim countries. The study of Masykuri Abdillah emphasizes the theological perspective to describe Muslim intellectuals' responses to democratic ideas in the light of Islamic doctrines.
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