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Many people may know about the blazing crash of the Hindenburg in 1937 but are possibly unaware that it had made 62 flights before its final journey (including one transporting author Leslie Charteris, creator of The Saint). The disaster, however, did not end the airship era; blimps escorted convoys during World War II and were a part of air defense systems in the 1950s and 1960s. Airships still fly today, and new models are in the construction phase. This book examines this branch of aviation history, delving into the science and engineering of airships and their design flaws, weather…mehr
Many people may know about the blazing crash of the Hindenburg in 1937 but are possibly unaware that it had made 62 flights before its final journey (including one transporting author Leslie Charteris, creator of The Saint). The disaster, however, did not end the airship era; blimps escorted convoys during World War II and were a part of air defense systems in the 1950s and 1960s. Airships still fly today, and new models are in the construction phase. This book examines this branch of aviation history, delving into the science and engineering of airships and their design flaws, weather difficulties and operational errors. The chapters focus on function (lift, propulsion, materials, ground handling and so forth). The book concludes with speculations about future airship designs and missions.
Produktdetails
- Produktdetails
- Verlag: McFarland and Company, Inc.
- Seitenzahl: 380
- Erscheinungstermin: 1. Mai 2025
- Englisch
- Abmessung: 254mm x 178mm x 20mm
- Gewicht: 713g
- ISBN-13: 9781476695082
- ISBN-10: 1476695083
- Artikelnr.: 73875332
- Herstellerkennzeichnung
- Libri GmbH
- Europaallee 1
- 36244 Bad Hersfeld
- gpsr@libri.de
- Verlag: McFarland and Company, Inc.
- Seitenzahl: 380
- Erscheinungstermin: 1. Mai 2025
- Englisch
- Abmessung: 254mm x 178mm x 20mm
- Gewicht: 713g
- ISBN-13: 9781476695082
- ISBN-10: 1476695083
- Artikelnr.: 73875332
- Herstellerkennzeichnung
- Libri GmbH
- Europaallee 1
- 36244 Bad Hersfeld
- gpsr@libri.de
Iver P. Cooper is a retired patent attorney and is an independent researcher in the history of science and technology. He lives in Arlington, Virginia.
Table of Contents Preface Abbreviations Selected Airship Alphanumeric Designations Chapter 1.
Airships 101 What Is an Airship?
5; Airship Successes
6; The Forces on an Airship
9; Airship Design Goals
10; Airship Size
13; Airship Shape
15 Chapter 2.
Buoyant (Aerostatic) Lift Milestones in Airship (and Balloon) Lift
16; The Creation of Buoyancy
17; Specific Lift
18; Gross Aerostatic Lift
19; Hydrogen Versus Helium
20; Hydrogen Production and Purity
20; Helium Production and Purity
24; Inflating the Airship
25; Effect of Atmospheric Conditions on Specific Lift
25; Superheating and Supercooling
27; Superpressure
29; Maximum Gas Capacity
30; Altitude Effects
31; Thermal Airships: Hot Air
34; Rozier (Multigas) Airships
38; The Problem with Vacuum Lift
39 Chapter 3.
Propulsion System Milestones in Airship Propulsion
41; Propulsion System Components
42; Propulsors
42; Power Transmission
44; Propulsive Efficiency
44; Engines
47; Internal Combustion Engine Performance
49; Altitude Effects on Internal Combustion Engine Performance
50; Engine Efficiency, Overall Efficiency and Fuel Consumption
51; Sizing the Engine
52; Auxiliary Power Draw
53; Power and Weight
54; "Golden Age" Airship Engines
55; Later Airship Engines
57; Number of Engines
58; Propeller (and Engine) Location
58; Propulsion System Controls
60; Propulsion System Monitoring
60; Engine Reliability
61; Engine Cooling
61; Fuel Tanks
62 Chapter 4.
Thrust and Drag Dirigibility
63; Aerodynamic Drag
63; Power, Propulsive Efficiency, and Speed
66; Propulsion Scaling Rules
67; Airship Size and Power
68; Airspeed (Engine Power) Selection
69; The Drag Coefficient and the Reynolds Number
71; Drag Measurement
73; Prediction of Drag
74 Chapter 5.
Non-Buoyant (Aerodynamic) Lift Aerodynamic Lift Force
77; The Effect of Profile Shape
78; The Effect of Aspect Ratiö79; Lift-Induced Drag
80; Component Contributions to Lift and Lift-Induced Drag: Experimental Datä80; Effect of Aerodynamic Lift and Drag on Airspeed (Engine Power) Selection
82; Aerodynamic Lift Measurements
84; Lift-Induced Drag Measurements
86 Chapter 6.
Altitude (Net Total Lift) Control The Problem of Altitude Control
88; Venting (or Burning) Lift Gas
89; Shipboard Production of Lift Gas (Hydrogen)
90; Dropping Ballast
91; Re-Ballasting
94; Drag Rope (Recoverable Ballast)
97; Temperature Manipulation
97; Dynamic Lift (Positive or Negative)
100; Directed Thrust
101; Burning Gaseous Fuels
103; Other Methods
103 Chapter 7.
Orientation Stability and Control Terminology
104; Pitching, Yawing and Rolling Moments
104; Stability and Control
105; Effect of Pitch
106; Effect of Yaw
108; Trim
108; Lift Gas Surge and Pitching Moment
109; Intrinsic Pitch Stability
109; Pitch and Yaw Stabilizing Surfaces
110; Longitudinal (Pitch) Control
110; Yaw (Directional) Control
111; Roll Stability
112; Reversing Speed
113 Chapter 8.
Takeoff, Landing, and Ground Handling Weighing Off
116; Unmoored Takeoff and Landing
117; Ground Crew
119; Forces on a "Walked" Airship
120; Wind Flow Near Hangars
123; Mechanical Aids
124; Miscellaneous Ground Handling Issues
125 Chapter 9.
Hangars Hangar Siting
128; Stationary Hangars
128; Hangar Entrances
132; Temporary (Demountable) Hangars
133; Rotating (Floating) Hangars
135; Floating, Non-Rotating Hangars
137; Rotating (Mechanical) Hangars
137; Circular or Many-Sided Hangars
139 Chapter 10.
Mooring Systems Stationary (Permanent) Mooring Systems
141; Temporary and Portable Masts
148; Mobile Masts
150; Auxiliary Mooring Equipment
156; Mooring Procedure
156; Mastless Mooring at Seä158; Water Takeoffs and Landings
159; Miscellaneous Ship-Based Operations
160; Forest Clearing Havens
162; Emergency Field Expedients
162 Chapter 11.
Flight Operations Ascending and Descending
165; Cruising Altitude
166; Turning (Circling)
166; Route Planning
167; The Wind Triangle
168; Wind Speed and Altitude
171; Navigation
173; Pressure Pattern Flying
174; Other Weather Considerations
175; Flight Controls
176; Communications
177 Chapter 12.
Structure Envelope Construction
178; Superpressure
179; Simple Aerostat Envelope Accessories
180; Semirigid Airships: Keel Design
181; Multilobal Airships
183; Compound Aerostats
183; Rigid Airships
185; Car Suspension
191; Cars (Gondolas) and Internal Space
193; Empennage
194; Miscellaneous Structural Features
195; Airship Shapes
195 Chapter 13.
Stresses on an Airship Hull Simple Aerostats: The Need for Superpressure
199; Simple Aerostats: The Hull as a Pressure Vessel
200; Gas Pressure in a Rigid Airship
201; Transverse Forces on an Airship Hull
201; Resistance to Bending by Nonrigid Airship
202; Resistance to Bending by a Semirigid Airship
203; Resistance to Bending by Metalclad
204; Force Transfer in a Rigid Airship
204; The Hull as a Simple Beam
205; The Effect of Stresses on the Length-to-Diameter Ratiö208; Distortion of the Airship Cross Section
209; Temperature Stresses in Rigid Airships
210; Anticipated Aerodynamic Loads: Level Flight
210; Aerodynamic Loads from Flight Maneuvers
211; Aerodynamic Loads from Gusts
212; Water Models
213; Deflated (or Inflated) Gasbag Test
214; Finite Element Analysis
215; Safety Factors
216 Chapter 14.
Materials Flexible Materials
218; Environmental Protection Materials
219; High Specific Strength, Flexible Materials
221; Gas Containment Criteriä225; Gas Containment Materials
227; Historical Laminates
230; Modern Laminates
234; Holes and Tears
235; Structural Materials
236 Chapter 15.
Weight Estimation Weight Classification
240; Surface Areä240; Weight Efficiency
241; Detailed Empty Weight Breakdowns
243; Historical Attempts at Weight Estimation
246; Weight Estimation for Modern Nonrigid Airships
251; Operating Load
255 Chapter 16.
Airship Failures and Accidents Causative and Contributory Factors
256; Accident Contexts
267; Loss of the R101: Case Study
273; Loss of USS Macon: Case Study
274; Personal Injuries in Airship Accidents
274 Chapter 17.
Fiery Deaths and Hydrogen Embrittlement Fire and Explosion Risks from Lift Gases and Fuels
276; Non-Hydrogen Fires
277; Hydrogen Fires
277; The Hindenburg Disaster
280; Increasing Hydrogen Safety
282; Hydrogen Embrittlement
283 Chapter 18.
The Future of Airships Unmanned Airships
288; Hybrid (Semibuoyant) Lift
288; Solar-Electric Propulsion
291; Lift Gas Compression
292; Missions for Future Airships
Conclusion Appendices: A.
Vacuum Lift Failure by Crushing
305; Failure by Buckling
307; Akhmeteli's Layered Shell
308; Metlen's Reinforced Spheres
308; Barton Inflatable Vacuum Chamber (IVC) Design
308; Additional Vacuum Lift Proposals
309 B.
Prediction of Zero-Lift Drag Frictional Drag Coefficient, Flat Plate (Cf)
311; Reference Areä312; Shape Factor
312; Beyond the Fineness Ratiö313; Complete Rigging Analysis
314; Rigging Factor
315; Accuracy of Drag Coefficient Predictions
317 C.
Prediction of Lift and Lift-Induced Drag Tail (Stabilizer) Contribution
319; Elevator Contribution
321; Hull Contribution
321; Car Contribution
323 D.
Hot-Air Lift: Alternatives to Propane Burner Fuel E.
Thermal Airships: Steam Lift F.
Net Lift Control by Liquefaction of Lift Gas Helium
328; Ammoniä328; Water Vapor (Steam)
330 G.
Net Lift Control by Liquefaction of Gaseous Fuel H.
Sizing the Empennage I.
Hydrogen Degradation of Polymers J.
Calculation of Maximum Bending Moment from Gusts K.
Additional Materials Data Notes Bibliography Index
Airships 101 What Is an Airship?
5; Airship Successes
6; The Forces on an Airship
9; Airship Design Goals
10; Airship Size
13; Airship Shape
15 Chapter 2.
Buoyant (Aerostatic) Lift Milestones in Airship (and Balloon) Lift
16; The Creation of Buoyancy
17; Specific Lift
18; Gross Aerostatic Lift
19; Hydrogen Versus Helium
20; Hydrogen Production and Purity
20; Helium Production and Purity
24; Inflating the Airship
25; Effect of Atmospheric Conditions on Specific Lift
25; Superheating and Supercooling
27; Superpressure
29; Maximum Gas Capacity
30; Altitude Effects
31; Thermal Airships: Hot Air
34; Rozier (Multigas) Airships
38; The Problem with Vacuum Lift
39 Chapter 3.
Propulsion System Milestones in Airship Propulsion
41; Propulsion System Components
42; Propulsors
42; Power Transmission
44; Propulsive Efficiency
44; Engines
47; Internal Combustion Engine Performance
49; Altitude Effects on Internal Combustion Engine Performance
50; Engine Efficiency, Overall Efficiency and Fuel Consumption
51; Sizing the Engine
52; Auxiliary Power Draw
53; Power and Weight
54; "Golden Age" Airship Engines
55; Later Airship Engines
57; Number of Engines
58; Propeller (and Engine) Location
58; Propulsion System Controls
60; Propulsion System Monitoring
60; Engine Reliability
61; Engine Cooling
61; Fuel Tanks
62 Chapter 4.
Thrust and Drag Dirigibility
63; Aerodynamic Drag
63; Power, Propulsive Efficiency, and Speed
66; Propulsion Scaling Rules
67; Airship Size and Power
68; Airspeed (Engine Power) Selection
69; The Drag Coefficient and the Reynolds Number
71; Drag Measurement
73; Prediction of Drag
74 Chapter 5.
Non-Buoyant (Aerodynamic) Lift Aerodynamic Lift Force
77; The Effect of Profile Shape
78; The Effect of Aspect Ratiö79; Lift-Induced Drag
80; Component Contributions to Lift and Lift-Induced Drag: Experimental Datä80; Effect of Aerodynamic Lift and Drag on Airspeed (Engine Power) Selection
82; Aerodynamic Lift Measurements
84; Lift-Induced Drag Measurements
86 Chapter 6.
Altitude (Net Total Lift) Control The Problem of Altitude Control
88; Venting (or Burning) Lift Gas
89; Shipboard Production of Lift Gas (Hydrogen)
90; Dropping Ballast
91; Re-Ballasting
94; Drag Rope (Recoverable Ballast)
97; Temperature Manipulation
97; Dynamic Lift (Positive or Negative)
100; Directed Thrust
101; Burning Gaseous Fuels
103; Other Methods
103 Chapter 7.
Orientation Stability and Control Terminology
104; Pitching, Yawing and Rolling Moments
104; Stability and Control
105; Effect of Pitch
106; Effect of Yaw
108; Trim
108; Lift Gas Surge and Pitching Moment
109; Intrinsic Pitch Stability
109; Pitch and Yaw Stabilizing Surfaces
110; Longitudinal (Pitch) Control
110; Yaw (Directional) Control
111; Roll Stability
112; Reversing Speed
113 Chapter 8.
Takeoff, Landing, and Ground Handling Weighing Off
116; Unmoored Takeoff and Landing
117; Ground Crew
119; Forces on a "Walked" Airship
120; Wind Flow Near Hangars
123; Mechanical Aids
124; Miscellaneous Ground Handling Issues
125 Chapter 9.
Hangars Hangar Siting
128; Stationary Hangars
128; Hangar Entrances
132; Temporary (Demountable) Hangars
133; Rotating (Floating) Hangars
135; Floating, Non-Rotating Hangars
137; Rotating (Mechanical) Hangars
137; Circular or Many-Sided Hangars
139 Chapter 10.
Mooring Systems Stationary (Permanent) Mooring Systems
141; Temporary and Portable Masts
148; Mobile Masts
150; Auxiliary Mooring Equipment
156; Mooring Procedure
156; Mastless Mooring at Seä158; Water Takeoffs and Landings
159; Miscellaneous Ship-Based Operations
160; Forest Clearing Havens
162; Emergency Field Expedients
162 Chapter 11.
Flight Operations Ascending and Descending
165; Cruising Altitude
166; Turning (Circling)
166; Route Planning
167; The Wind Triangle
168; Wind Speed and Altitude
171; Navigation
173; Pressure Pattern Flying
174; Other Weather Considerations
175; Flight Controls
176; Communications
177 Chapter 12.
Structure Envelope Construction
178; Superpressure
179; Simple Aerostat Envelope Accessories
180; Semirigid Airships: Keel Design
181; Multilobal Airships
183; Compound Aerostats
183; Rigid Airships
185; Car Suspension
191; Cars (Gondolas) and Internal Space
193; Empennage
194; Miscellaneous Structural Features
195; Airship Shapes
195 Chapter 13.
Stresses on an Airship Hull Simple Aerostats: The Need for Superpressure
199; Simple Aerostats: The Hull as a Pressure Vessel
200; Gas Pressure in a Rigid Airship
201; Transverse Forces on an Airship Hull
201; Resistance to Bending by Nonrigid Airship
202; Resistance to Bending by a Semirigid Airship
203; Resistance to Bending by Metalclad
204; Force Transfer in a Rigid Airship
204; The Hull as a Simple Beam
205; The Effect of Stresses on the Length-to-Diameter Ratiö208; Distortion of the Airship Cross Section
209; Temperature Stresses in Rigid Airships
210; Anticipated Aerodynamic Loads: Level Flight
210; Aerodynamic Loads from Flight Maneuvers
211; Aerodynamic Loads from Gusts
212; Water Models
213; Deflated (or Inflated) Gasbag Test
214; Finite Element Analysis
215; Safety Factors
216 Chapter 14.
Materials Flexible Materials
218; Environmental Protection Materials
219; High Specific Strength, Flexible Materials
221; Gas Containment Criteriä225; Gas Containment Materials
227; Historical Laminates
230; Modern Laminates
234; Holes and Tears
235; Structural Materials
236 Chapter 15.
Weight Estimation Weight Classification
240; Surface Areä240; Weight Efficiency
241; Detailed Empty Weight Breakdowns
243; Historical Attempts at Weight Estimation
246; Weight Estimation for Modern Nonrigid Airships
251; Operating Load
255 Chapter 16.
Airship Failures and Accidents Causative and Contributory Factors
256; Accident Contexts
267; Loss of the R101: Case Study
273; Loss of USS Macon: Case Study
274; Personal Injuries in Airship Accidents
274 Chapter 17.
Fiery Deaths and Hydrogen Embrittlement Fire and Explosion Risks from Lift Gases and Fuels
276; Non-Hydrogen Fires
277; Hydrogen Fires
277; The Hindenburg Disaster
280; Increasing Hydrogen Safety
282; Hydrogen Embrittlement
283 Chapter 18.
The Future of Airships Unmanned Airships
288; Hybrid (Semibuoyant) Lift
288; Solar-Electric Propulsion
291; Lift Gas Compression
292; Missions for Future Airships
Conclusion Appendices: A.
Vacuum Lift Failure by Crushing
305; Failure by Buckling
307; Akhmeteli's Layered Shell
308; Metlen's Reinforced Spheres
308; Barton Inflatable Vacuum Chamber (IVC) Design
308; Additional Vacuum Lift Proposals
309 B.
Prediction of Zero-Lift Drag Frictional Drag Coefficient, Flat Plate (Cf)
311; Reference Areä312; Shape Factor
312; Beyond the Fineness Ratiö313; Complete Rigging Analysis
314; Rigging Factor
315; Accuracy of Drag Coefficient Predictions
317 C.
Prediction of Lift and Lift-Induced Drag Tail (Stabilizer) Contribution
319; Elevator Contribution
321; Hull Contribution
321; Car Contribution
323 D.
Hot-Air Lift: Alternatives to Propane Burner Fuel E.
Thermal Airships: Steam Lift F.
Net Lift Control by Liquefaction of Lift Gas Helium
328; Ammoniä328; Water Vapor (Steam)
330 G.
Net Lift Control by Liquefaction of Gaseous Fuel H.
Sizing the Empennage I.
Hydrogen Degradation of Polymers J.
Calculation of Maximum Bending Moment from Gusts K.
Additional Materials Data Notes Bibliography Index
Table of Contents Preface Abbreviations Selected Airship Alphanumeric Designations Chapter 1.
Airships 101 What Is an Airship?
5; Airship Successes
6; The Forces on an Airship
9; Airship Design Goals
10; Airship Size
13; Airship Shape
15 Chapter 2.
Buoyant (Aerostatic) Lift Milestones in Airship (and Balloon) Lift
16; The Creation of Buoyancy
17; Specific Lift
18; Gross Aerostatic Lift
19; Hydrogen Versus Helium
20; Hydrogen Production and Purity
20; Helium Production and Purity
24; Inflating the Airship
25; Effect of Atmospheric Conditions on Specific Lift
25; Superheating and Supercooling
27; Superpressure
29; Maximum Gas Capacity
30; Altitude Effects
31; Thermal Airships: Hot Air
34; Rozier (Multigas) Airships
38; The Problem with Vacuum Lift
39 Chapter 3.
Propulsion System Milestones in Airship Propulsion
41; Propulsion System Components
42; Propulsors
42; Power Transmission
44; Propulsive Efficiency
44; Engines
47; Internal Combustion Engine Performance
49; Altitude Effects on Internal Combustion Engine Performance
50; Engine Efficiency, Overall Efficiency and Fuel Consumption
51; Sizing the Engine
52; Auxiliary Power Draw
53; Power and Weight
54; "Golden Age" Airship Engines
55; Later Airship Engines
57; Number of Engines
58; Propeller (and Engine) Location
58; Propulsion System Controls
60; Propulsion System Monitoring
60; Engine Reliability
61; Engine Cooling
61; Fuel Tanks
62 Chapter 4.
Thrust and Drag Dirigibility
63; Aerodynamic Drag
63; Power, Propulsive Efficiency, and Speed
66; Propulsion Scaling Rules
67; Airship Size and Power
68; Airspeed (Engine Power) Selection
69; The Drag Coefficient and the Reynolds Number
71; Drag Measurement
73; Prediction of Drag
74 Chapter 5.
Non-Buoyant (Aerodynamic) Lift Aerodynamic Lift Force
77; The Effect of Profile Shape
78; The Effect of Aspect Ratiö79; Lift-Induced Drag
80; Component Contributions to Lift and Lift-Induced Drag: Experimental Datä80; Effect of Aerodynamic Lift and Drag on Airspeed (Engine Power) Selection
82; Aerodynamic Lift Measurements
84; Lift-Induced Drag Measurements
86 Chapter 6.
Altitude (Net Total Lift) Control The Problem of Altitude Control
88; Venting (or Burning) Lift Gas
89; Shipboard Production of Lift Gas (Hydrogen)
90; Dropping Ballast
91; Re-Ballasting
94; Drag Rope (Recoverable Ballast)
97; Temperature Manipulation
97; Dynamic Lift (Positive or Negative)
100; Directed Thrust
101; Burning Gaseous Fuels
103; Other Methods
103 Chapter 7.
Orientation Stability and Control Terminology
104; Pitching, Yawing and Rolling Moments
104; Stability and Control
105; Effect of Pitch
106; Effect of Yaw
108; Trim
108; Lift Gas Surge and Pitching Moment
109; Intrinsic Pitch Stability
109; Pitch and Yaw Stabilizing Surfaces
110; Longitudinal (Pitch) Control
110; Yaw (Directional) Control
111; Roll Stability
112; Reversing Speed
113 Chapter 8.
Takeoff, Landing, and Ground Handling Weighing Off
116; Unmoored Takeoff and Landing
117; Ground Crew
119; Forces on a "Walked" Airship
120; Wind Flow Near Hangars
123; Mechanical Aids
124; Miscellaneous Ground Handling Issues
125 Chapter 9.
Hangars Hangar Siting
128; Stationary Hangars
128; Hangar Entrances
132; Temporary (Demountable) Hangars
133; Rotating (Floating) Hangars
135; Floating, Non-Rotating Hangars
137; Rotating (Mechanical) Hangars
137; Circular or Many-Sided Hangars
139 Chapter 10.
Mooring Systems Stationary (Permanent) Mooring Systems
141; Temporary and Portable Masts
148; Mobile Masts
150; Auxiliary Mooring Equipment
156; Mooring Procedure
156; Mastless Mooring at Seä158; Water Takeoffs and Landings
159; Miscellaneous Ship-Based Operations
160; Forest Clearing Havens
162; Emergency Field Expedients
162 Chapter 11.
Flight Operations Ascending and Descending
165; Cruising Altitude
166; Turning (Circling)
166; Route Planning
167; The Wind Triangle
168; Wind Speed and Altitude
171; Navigation
173; Pressure Pattern Flying
174; Other Weather Considerations
175; Flight Controls
176; Communications
177 Chapter 12.
Structure Envelope Construction
178; Superpressure
179; Simple Aerostat Envelope Accessories
180; Semirigid Airships: Keel Design
181; Multilobal Airships
183; Compound Aerostats
183; Rigid Airships
185; Car Suspension
191; Cars (Gondolas) and Internal Space
193; Empennage
194; Miscellaneous Structural Features
195; Airship Shapes
195 Chapter 13.
Stresses on an Airship Hull Simple Aerostats: The Need for Superpressure
199; Simple Aerostats: The Hull as a Pressure Vessel
200; Gas Pressure in a Rigid Airship
201; Transverse Forces on an Airship Hull
201; Resistance to Bending by Nonrigid Airship
202; Resistance to Bending by a Semirigid Airship
203; Resistance to Bending by Metalclad
204; Force Transfer in a Rigid Airship
204; The Hull as a Simple Beam
205; The Effect of Stresses on the Length-to-Diameter Ratiö208; Distortion of the Airship Cross Section
209; Temperature Stresses in Rigid Airships
210; Anticipated Aerodynamic Loads: Level Flight
210; Aerodynamic Loads from Flight Maneuvers
211; Aerodynamic Loads from Gusts
212; Water Models
213; Deflated (or Inflated) Gasbag Test
214; Finite Element Analysis
215; Safety Factors
216 Chapter 14.
Materials Flexible Materials
218; Environmental Protection Materials
219; High Specific Strength, Flexible Materials
221; Gas Containment Criteriä225; Gas Containment Materials
227; Historical Laminates
230; Modern Laminates
234; Holes and Tears
235; Structural Materials
236 Chapter 15.
Weight Estimation Weight Classification
240; Surface Areä240; Weight Efficiency
241; Detailed Empty Weight Breakdowns
243; Historical Attempts at Weight Estimation
246; Weight Estimation for Modern Nonrigid Airships
251; Operating Load
255 Chapter 16.
Airship Failures and Accidents Causative and Contributory Factors
256; Accident Contexts
267; Loss of the R101: Case Study
273; Loss of USS Macon: Case Study
274; Personal Injuries in Airship Accidents
274 Chapter 17.
Fiery Deaths and Hydrogen Embrittlement Fire and Explosion Risks from Lift Gases and Fuels
276; Non-Hydrogen Fires
277; Hydrogen Fires
277; The Hindenburg Disaster
280; Increasing Hydrogen Safety
282; Hydrogen Embrittlement
283 Chapter 18.
The Future of Airships Unmanned Airships
288; Hybrid (Semibuoyant) Lift
288; Solar-Electric Propulsion
291; Lift Gas Compression
292; Missions for Future Airships
Conclusion Appendices: A.
Vacuum Lift Failure by Crushing
305; Failure by Buckling
307; Akhmeteli's Layered Shell
308; Metlen's Reinforced Spheres
308; Barton Inflatable Vacuum Chamber (IVC) Design
308; Additional Vacuum Lift Proposals
309 B.
Prediction of Zero-Lift Drag Frictional Drag Coefficient, Flat Plate (Cf)
311; Reference Areä312; Shape Factor
312; Beyond the Fineness Ratiö313; Complete Rigging Analysis
314; Rigging Factor
315; Accuracy of Drag Coefficient Predictions
317 C.
Prediction of Lift and Lift-Induced Drag Tail (Stabilizer) Contribution
319; Elevator Contribution
321; Hull Contribution
321; Car Contribution
323 D.
Hot-Air Lift: Alternatives to Propane Burner Fuel E.
Thermal Airships: Steam Lift F.
Net Lift Control by Liquefaction of Lift Gas Helium
328; Ammoniä328; Water Vapor (Steam)
330 G.
Net Lift Control by Liquefaction of Gaseous Fuel H.
Sizing the Empennage I.
Hydrogen Degradation of Polymers J.
Calculation of Maximum Bending Moment from Gusts K.
Additional Materials Data Notes Bibliography Index
Airships 101 What Is an Airship?
5; Airship Successes
6; The Forces on an Airship
9; Airship Design Goals
10; Airship Size
13; Airship Shape
15 Chapter 2.
Buoyant (Aerostatic) Lift Milestones in Airship (and Balloon) Lift
16; The Creation of Buoyancy
17; Specific Lift
18; Gross Aerostatic Lift
19; Hydrogen Versus Helium
20; Hydrogen Production and Purity
20; Helium Production and Purity
24; Inflating the Airship
25; Effect of Atmospheric Conditions on Specific Lift
25; Superheating and Supercooling
27; Superpressure
29; Maximum Gas Capacity
30; Altitude Effects
31; Thermal Airships: Hot Air
34; Rozier (Multigas) Airships
38; The Problem with Vacuum Lift
39 Chapter 3.
Propulsion System Milestones in Airship Propulsion
41; Propulsion System Components
42; Propulsors
42; Power Transmission
44; Propulsive Efficiency
44; Engines
47; Internal Combustion Engine Performance
49; Altitude Effects on Internal Combustion Engine Performance
50; Engine Efficiency, Overall Efficiency and Fuel Consumption
51; Sizing the Engine
52; Auxiliary Power Draw
53; Power and Weight
54; "Golden Age" Airship Engines
55; Later Airship Engines
57; Number of Engines
58; Propeller (and Engine) Location
58; Propulsion System Controls
60; Propulsion System Monitoring
60; Engine Reliability
61; Engine Cooling
61; Fuel Tanks
62 Chapter 4.
Thrust and Drag Dirigibility
63; Aerodynamic Drag
63; Power, Propulsive Efficiency, and Speed
66; Propulsion Scaling Rules
67; Airship Size and Power
68; Airspeed (Engine Power) Selection
69; The Drag Coefficient and the Reynolds Number
71; Drag Measurement
73; Prediction of Drag
74 Chapter 5.
Non-Buoyant (Aerodynamic) Lift Aerodynamic Lift Force
77; The Effect of Profile Shape
78; The Effect of Aspect Ratiö79; Lift-Induced Drag
80; Component Contributions to Lift and Lift-Induced Drag: Experimental Datä80; Effect of Aerodynamic Lift and Drag on Airspeed (Engine Power) Selection
82; Aerodynamic Lift Measurements
84; Lift-Induced Drag Measurements
86 Chapter 6.
Altitude (Net Total Lift) Control The Problem of Altitude Control
88; Venting (or Burning) Lift Gas
89; Shipboard Production of Lift Gas (Hydrogen)
90; Dropping Ballast
91; Re-Ballasting
94; Drag Rope (Recoverable Ballast)
97; Temperature Manipulation
97; Dynamic Lift (Positive or Negative)
100; Directed Thrust
101; Burning Gaseous Fuels
103; Other Methods
103 Chapter 7.
Orientation Stability and Control Terminology
104; Pitching, Yawing and Rolling Moments
104; Stability and Control
105; Effect of Pitch
106; Effect of Yaw
108; Trim
108; Lift Gas Surge and Pitching Moment
109; Intrinsic Pitch Stability
109; Pitch and Yaw Stabilizing Surfaces
110; Longitudinal (Pitch) Control
110; Yaw (Directional) Control
111; Roll Stability
112; Reversing Speed
113 Chapter 8.
Takeoff, Landing, and Ground Handling Weighing Off
116; Unmoored Takeoff and Landing
117; Ground Crew
119; Forces on a "Walked" Airship
120; Wind Flow Near Hangars
123; Mechanical Aids
124; Miscellaneous Ground Handling Issues
125 Chapter 9.
Hangars Hangar Siting
128; Stationary Hangars
128; Hangar Entrances
132; Temporary (Demountable) Hangars
133; Rotating (Floating) Hangars
135; Floating, Non-Rotating Hangars
137; Rotating (Mechanical) Hangars
137; Circular or Many-Sided Hangars
139 Chapter 10.
Mooring Systems Stationary (Permanent) Mooring Systems
141; Temporary and Portable Masts
148; Mobile Masts
150; Auxiliary Mooring Equipment
156; Mooring Procedure
156; Mastless Mooring at Seä158; Water Takeoffs and Landings
159; Miscellaneous Ship-Based Operations
160; Forest Clearing Havens
162; Emergency Field Expedients
162 Chapter 11.
Flight Operations Ascending and Descending
165; Cruising Altitude
166; Turning (Circling)
166; Route Planning
167; The Wind Triangle
168; Wind Speed and Altitude
171; Navigation
173; Pressure Pattern Flying
174; Other Weather Considerations
175; Flight Controls
176; Communications
177 Chapter 12.
Structure Envelope Construction
178; Superpressure
179; Simple Aerostat Envelope Accessories
180; Semirigid Airships: Keel Design
181; Multilobal Airships
183; Compound Aerostats
183; Rigid Airships
185; Car Suspension
191; Cars (Gondolas) and Internal Space
193; Empennage
194; Miscellaneous Structural Features
195; Airship Shapes
195 Chapter 13.
Stresses on an Airship Hull Simple Aerostats: The Need for Superpressure
199; Simple Aerostats: The Hull as a Pressure Vessel
200; Gas Pressure in a Rigid Airship
201; Transverse Forces on an Airship Hull
201; Resistance to Bending by Nonrigid Airship
202; Resistance to Bending by a Semirigid Airship
203; Resistance to Bending by Metalclad
204; Force Transfer in a Rigid Airship
204; The Hull as a Simple Beam
205; The Effect of Stresses on the Length-to-Diameter Ratiö208; Distortion of the Airship Cross Section
209; Temperature Stresses in Rigid Airships
210; Anticipated Aerodynamic Loads: Level Flight
210; Aerodynamic Loads from Flight Maneuvers
211; Aerodynamic Loads from Gusts
212; Water Models
213; Deflated (or Inflated) Gasbag Test
214; Finite Element Analysis
215; Safety Factors
216 Chapter 14.
Materials Flexible Materials
218; Environmental Protection Materials
219; High Specific Strength, Flexible Materials
221; Gas Containment Criteriä225; Gas Containment Materials
227; Historical Laminates
230; Modern Laminates
234; Holes and Tears
235; Structural Materials
236 Chapter 15.
Weight Estimation Weight Classification
240; Surface Areä240; Weight Efficiency
241; Detailed Empty Weight Breakdowns
243; Historical Attempts at Weight Estimation
246; Weight Estimation for Modern Nonrigid Airships
251; Operating Load
255 Chapter 16.
Airship Failures and Accidents Causative and Contributory Factors
256; Accident Contexts
267; Loss of the R101: Case Study
273; Loss of USS Macon: Case Study
274; Personal Injuries in Airship Accidents
274 Chapter 17.
Fiery Deaths and Hydrogen Embrittlement Fire and Explosion Risks from Lift Gases and Fuels
276; Non-Hydrogen Fires
277; Hydrogen Fires
277; The Hindenburg Disaster
280; Increasing Hydrogen Safety
282; Hydrogen Embrittlement
283 Chapter 18.
The Future of Airships Unmanned Airships
288; Hybrid (Semibuoyant) Lift
288; Solar-Electric Propulsion
291; Lift Gas Compression
292; Missions for Future Airships
Conclusion Appendices: A.
Vacuum Lift Failure by Crushing
305; Failure by Buckling
307; Akhmeteli's Layered Shell
308; Metlen's Reinforced Spheres
308; Barton Inflatable Vacuum Chamber (IVC) Design
308; Additional Vacuum Lift Proposals
309 B.
Prediction of Zero-Lift Drag Frictional Drag Coefficient, Flat Plate (Cf)
311; Reference Areä312; Shape Factor
312; Beyond the Fineness Ratiö313; Complete Rigging Analysis
314; Rigging Factor
315; Accuracy of Drag Coefficient Predictions
317 C.
Prediction of Lift and Lift-Induced Drag Tail (Stabilizer) Contribution
319; Elevator Contribution
321; Hull Contribution
321; Car Contribution
323 D.
Hot-Air Lift: Alternatives to Propane Burner Fuel E.
Thermal Airships: Steam Lift F.
Net Lift Control by Liquefaction of Lift Gas Helium
328; Ammoniä328; Water Vapor (Steam)
330 G.
Net Lift Control by Liquefaction of Gaseous Fuel H.
Sizing the Empennage I.
Hydrogen Degradation of Polymers J.
Calculation of Maximum Bending Moment from Gusts K.
Additional Materials Data Notes Bibliography Index