Updated edition of a popular introduction to cosmology, now with new observational data, supporting web material, and problems with solutions An Introduction to Modern Cosmology is an accessible account of modern cosmological ideas that enables readers to understand cosmology without resorting to the mathematical apparatus of general relativity. This fully revised Fourth Edition of the bestseller takes an approach which is grounded in physics with a logical flow of chapters, leading the reader from basic ideas of the expansion described by the Friedman equations to some of the more advanced…mehr
Updated edition of a popular introduction to cosmology, now with new observational data, supporting web material, and problems with solutions An Introduction to Modern Cosmology is an accessible account of modern cosmological ideas that enables readers to understand cosmology without resorting to the mathematical apparatus of general relativity. This fully revised Fourth Edition of the bestseller takes an approach which is grounded in physics with a logical flow of chapters, leading the reader from basic ideas of the expansion described by the Friedman equations to some of the more advanced ideas about the early universe. The Advanced Topic sections present subjects with more detailed mathematical approaches to give greater depth to discussions. Student problems with hints for solving them and numerical answers are embedded in the chapters to facilitate the readers' understanding and learning. The new edition contains updated observational data, more detailed explanations and examples of the central-to-cosmology Friedman equations, and references to extensive online supporting material. It also incorporates up-to-date results from the Planck mission, which imaged the anisotropies of cosmic microwave background radiation over the whole sky. Sample topics explored in An Introduction to Modern Cosmology include: * The geometry of the universe, covering flat, spherical, and hyperbolic geometry, infinite and observable universes, and the three values of k * Simple cosmological models, covering Hubble's law, expansion and redshift, particle number densities, and evolution including curvature * The density of the universe and dark matter, covering galaxy cluster composition and brightness of the supernovae * The origin of light elements in the universe, covering hydrogen and helium, problems with the Hot Big Bang, and flatness and horizon problems Written in a clear, concise format with short, accessible chapters, An Introduction to Modern Cosmology is an essential textbook resource on the subject for advanced undergraduate and graduate students of astronomy, astrophysics, and physics.
Andrew Liddle, PhD, is Principal Researcher at the Institute of Astrophysics and Space Science of the University of Lisbon, Portugal, since 2019. He held previous positions as Professor at the Universities of Edinburgh and Sussex, United Kingdom. He is interested in understanding the properties of the Universe and is best known for his work on cosmological models, in particular early Universe inflation.
Inhaltsangabe
Preface xi Constants, conversion factors and symbols xiv 1 A (Very) Brief History of Cosmological Ideas 1 2 Observational Overview 3 2.1 In visible light 3 2.2 In other wavebands 6 2.3 Homogeneity and isotropy 10 2.4 The expansion of the Universe 10 2.5 Particles in the Universe 13 2.5.1 What particles are there? 13 2.5.2 Thermal distributions and the black-body spectrum 15 3 Newtonian Gravity 21 3.1 The Friedmann equation 22 3.2 On the meaning of the expansion 25 3.3 Things that go faster than light 25 3.4 The fluid equation 26 3.5 The acceleration equation 27 3.6 On mass, energy and vanishing factors of c2 28 4 The Geometry of the Universe 29 4.1 Flat geometry 29 4.2 Spherical geometry 30 4.3 Hyperbolic geometry 32 4.4 Infinite and observable universes 33 4.5 Where did the Big Bang happen? 33 4.6 Three values of k 34 5 Simple Cosmological Models 37 5.1 Hubble's law 37 5.2 Expansion and redshift 38 5.3 Solving the equations 39 5.3.1 Matter 40 5.3.2 Radiation 41 5.3.3 Mixtures 42 5.4 Particle number densities 43 5.5 Evolution including curvature 44 6 Observational Parameters 49 6.1 The expansion rate H0 49 6.2 The density parameter 0 51 6.3 The deceleration parameter q0 52 7 The Cosmological Constant 55 7.1 Introducing 55 7.2 Fluid description of 56 7.3 Cosmological models with 57 8 The Age of the Universe 61 9 The Density of the Universe and Dark Matter 67 9.1 Weighing the Universe 67 9.1.1 Counting stars 67 9.1.2 Nucleosynthesis foreshadowed 68 9.1.3 Galaxy rotation curves 68 9.1.4 Galaxy cluster composition 70 9.1.5 The formation of structure 71 9.1.6 The geometry of the Universe and the brightness of supernovae 72 9.1.7 Overview 72 9.2 What might the dark matter be? 73 9.2.1 Fundamental particles 73 9.2.2 Compact objects 74 9.3 Dark matter searches 74 10 The Cosmic Microwave Background 77 10.1 Properties of the microwave background 77 10.2 The photon to baryon ratio 79 10.3 The origin of the microwave background 80 10.4 The origin of the microwave background (advanced) 83 11 The Early Universe 87 12 Nucleosynthesis: The Origin of the Light Elements 93 12.1 Hydrogen and helium 93 12.2 Comparing with observations 96 12.3 Contrasting decoupling and nucleosynthesis 98 13 The Inflationary Universe 101 13.1 Problems with the Hot Big Bang 101 13.1.1 The flatness problem 101 13.1.2 The horizon problem 103 13.1.3 Relic particle abundances 104 13.2 Inflationary expansion 105 13.3 Solving the Big Bang problems 106 13.3.1 The flatness problem 106 13.3.2 The horizon problem 107 13.3.3 Relic particle abundances 108 13.4 How much inflation? 108 13.5 Inflation and particle physics 109 14 The Initial Singularity 113 15 Overview: The Standard Cosmological Model 117 Advanced Topic 1 General Relativistic Cosmology 121 1.1 The metric of space-time 121 1.2 The Einstein equations 122 1.3 Aside: Topology of the Universe 124 Advanced Topic 2 Classic Cosmology: Distances and Luminosities 127 2.1 Light propagation and redshift 127 2.2 The observable Universe 130 2.3 Luminosity distance 130 2.4 Angular diameter distance 134 2.5 Source counts 136 Advanced Topic 3 Neutrino Cosmology 139 3.1 The massless case 139 3.2 Massive neutrinos 141 3.2.1 Light neutrinos 141 3.2.2 Heavy neutrinos 142 3.3 Neutrinos and structure formation 142 Advanced Topic 4 Baryogenesis 145 Advanced Topic 5 Structures in the Universe 149 5.1 The observed structures 149 5.2 Gravitational instability 151 5.3 The clustering of galaxies 152 5.4 Cosmic microwave background anisotropies 154 5.4.1 Statistical description of anisotropies 154 5.4.2 Computing the C 156 5.4.3 Microwave background observations 156 5.4.4 Spatial geometry 158 5.5 The origin of structure 159 Advanced Topic 6 Constraining cosmological models 163 6.1 Cosmological models and parameters 163 6.2 Key cosmological observations 164 6.3 Cosmological data analysis 164 6.4 The Standard Cosmological Model: 2014 edition 166 6.5 The future 168 Bibliography 171 Numerical Answers and Hints to Problems 173 Index 177
Preface xi Constants, conversion factors and symbols xiv 1 A (Very) Brief History of Cosmological Ideas 1 2 Observational Overview 3 2.1 In visible light 3 2.2 In other wavebands 6 2.3 Homogeneity and isotropy 10 2.4 The expansion of the Universe 10 2.5 Particles in the Universe 13 2.5.1 What particles are there? 13 2.5.2 Thermal distributions and the black-body spectrum 15 3 Newtonian Gravity 21 3.1 The Friedmann equation 22 3.2 On the meaning of the expansion 25 3.3 Things that go faster than light 25 3.4 The fluid equation 26 3.5 The acceleration equation 27 3.6 On mass, energy and vanishing factors of c2 28 4 The Geometry of the Universe 29 4.1 Flat geometry 29 4.2 Spherical geometry 30 4.3 Hyperbolic geometry 32 4.4 Infinite and observable universes 33 4.5 Where did the Big Bang happen? 33 4.6 Three values of k 34 5 Simple Cosmological Models 37 5.1 Hubble's law 37 5.2 Expansion and redshift 38 5.3 Solving the equations 39 5.3.1 Matter 40 5.3.2 Radiation 41 5.3.3 Mixtures 42 5.4 Particle number densities 43 5.5 Evolution including curvature 44 6 Observational Parameters 49 6.1 The expansion rate H0 49 6.2 The density parameter 0 51 6.3 The deceleration parameter q0 52 7 The Cosmological Constant 55 7.1 Introducing 55 7.2 Fluid description of 56 7.3 Cosmological models with 57 8 The Age of the Universe 61 9 The Density of the Universe and Dark Matter 67 9.1 Weighing the Universe 67 9.1.1 Counting stars 67 9.1.2 Nucleosynthesis foreshadowed 68 9.1.3 Galaxy rotation curves 68 9.1.4 Galaxy cluster composition 70 9.1.5 The formation of structure 71 9.1.6 The geometry of the Universe and the brightness of supernovae 72 9.1.7 Overview 72 9.2 What might the dark matter be? 73 9.2.1 Fundamental particles 73 9.2.2 Compact objects 74 9.3 Dark matter searches 74 10 The Cosmic Microwave Background 77 10.1 Properties of the microwave background 77 10.2 The photon to baryon ratio 79 10.3 The origin of the microwave background 80 10.4 The origin of the microwave background (advanced) 83 11 The Early Universe 87 12 Nucleosynthesis: The Origin of the Light Elements 93 12.1 Hydrogen and helium 93 12.2 Comparing with observations 96 12.3 Contrasting decoupling and nucleosynthesis 98 13 The Inflationary Universe 101 13.1 Problems with the Hot Big Bang 101 13.1.1 The flatness problem 101 13.1.2 The horizon problem 103 13.1.3 Relic particle abundances 104 13.2 Inflationary expansion 105 13.3 Solving the Big Bang problems 106 13.3.1 The flatness problem 106 13.3.2 The horizon problem 107 13.3.3 Relic particle abundances 108 13.4 How much inflation? 108 13.5 Inflation and particle physics 109 14 The Initial Singularity 113 15 Overview: The Standard Cosmological Model 117 Advanced Topic 1 General Relativistic Cosmology 121 1.1 The metric of space-time 121 1.2 The Einstein equations 122 1.3 Aside: Topology of the Universe 124 Advanced Topic 2 Classic Cosmology: Distances and Luminosities 127 2.1 Light propagation and redshift 127 2.2 The observable Universe 130 2.3 Luminosity distance 130 2.4 Angular diameter distance 134 2.5 Source counts 136 Advanced Topic 3 Neutrino Cosmology 139 3.1 The massless case 139 3.2 Massive neutrinos 141 3.2.1 Light neutrinos 141 3.2.2 Heavy neutrinos 142 3.3 Neutrinos and structure formation 142 Advanced Topic 4 Baryogenesis 145 Advanced Topic 5 Structures in the Universe 149 5.1 The observed structures 149 5.2 Gravitational instability 151 5.3 The clustering of galaxies 152 5.4 Cosmic microwave background anisotropies 154 5.4.1 Statistical description of anisotropies 154 5.4.2 Computing the C 156 5.4.3 Microwave background observations 156 5.4.4 Spatial geometry 158 5.5 The origin of structure 159 Advanced Topic 6 Constraining cosmological models 163 6.1 Cosmological models and parameters 163 6.2 Key cosmological observations 164 6.3 Cosmological data analysis 164 6.4 The Standard Cosmological Model: 2014 edition 166 6.5 The future 168 Bibliography 171 Numerical Answers and Hints to Problems 173 Index 177
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