Zia

Applications of Diamond-Like Carbon Coatings

Herausgeber: Zia, Abdul Wasy

• Gebundenes Buch

Produktbeschreibung

"Carbon coatings were reported in 1954 and exhibit graphite-like behaviours since diamond-like carbon (DLC) coatings were reported around 1970. DLC coatings grasped rapid recognition in the industry and were widely adopted for mechanical applications as DLC coatings exhibit high hardness, lower friction coefficient and excellent anti-wear properties. DLC coatings have progressed through a range of deposition techniques like physical vapor deposition, plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition etc.; coating architectures such as monolayer, multilayer, doped; nanocrystalline, amorphous or granular morphologies; and have been used for a wider range of industrial applications including automotive, mechanical components and cutting tools, healthcare products, renewable energy, computing and electronics, plastics, textiles sectors etc."--

Produktdetails

• Verlag: Wiley
• Seitenzahl: 448
• Erscheinungstermin: 8. April 2025
• Englisch
• Abmessung: 229mm x 152mm x 25mm
• Gewicht: 767g
• ISBN-13: 9781394189113
• ISBN-10: 1394189117
• Artikelnr.: 71925909

Autorenporträt

Abdul Wasy Zia, PhD, is an academic at the Institute of Mechanical Process and Energy Engineering, School of Engineering and Physical Sciences at Heriot-Watt University in Edinburgh, United Kingdom. He has over twelve years' experience working with diamond-like carbon coating solutions with technological, environmental, and socio-economic applications.

Inhaltsangabe

List of Contributors x
Preface xiv
Section I Diamond-like Carbon Coatings 1
1 Introduction of Diamond-like Carbon Coatings 3
Naveen Joshi, Jagdish Narayan, Roger J. Narayan
1.1 Introduction 3
1.2 DLC Coatings for Mechanical and Transportation Applications 6
1.2.1 DLC Coatings for Lubricants 6
1.2.2 DLC Coatings for Pipelines, Tubes, and Molds 7
1.3 DLC Coatings for Medical Applications 8
1.3.1 DLC Coatings for Orthopedics 10
1.3.2 DLC Coatings for Antimicrobial Performance 10
1.3.3 DLC Coatings for Cardiovascular Implants 11
1.4 DLC Coatings for Electrical and Optical Devices 12
1.4.1 DLC Coatings for MEMS 12
1.4.2 DLC Coatings for Nonvolatile Storage, Low-K Dielectrics, and Field
Emitters 13
1.5 DLC Coatings for Optical Applications 14
1.6 Emerging Applications of DLC Coatings 15
1.6.1 DLC Coatings for Energy Storage Applications 15
1.6.2 DLC Coatings for Polymers and Textiles 17
1.6.3 Optimizing DLC Coatings Through the Utilization of Artificial
Intelligence Tools 17
1.7 Limitations of DLC Coatings 18
1.8 Q-Carbon as a Superior Coating Material 19
1.9 Summary 22
2 Deposition Methods of Diamond-like Carbon Coatings 31
Pranay Kalakonda, Jagdish Narayan, Roger J. Narayan
2.1 Introduction 31
2.2 Classification of Carbon Coatings 34
2.3 Deposition Methods 36
2.3.1 Physical Vapor Deposition 37
2.3.1.1 Ion Beam Deposition 37
2.3.1.2 Mass Selected Ion Beam Deposition 38
2.3.1.3 Cathodic Arc Deposition 39
2.3.1.4 Sputtering 42
2.3.1.5 Ion Beam-assisted Deposition 43
2.3.1.6 Pulsed Laser Deposition 44
2.3.2 Chemical Vapor Deposition 48
2.4 Deposition Mechanisms 50
2.5 Influence of Deposition Parameters 53
2.6 Properties and Analysis Methods 54
2.7 Applications 56
2.8 Conclusions 57
3 Properties of Diamond-like Carbon Coatings 71
Muhammad Abdul Basit, Ramsha Zafar, Nawal Haider
3.1 Introduction to Diamond-like Carbon Coating 72
3.2 General Categorization of DLC Coatings 72
3.3 Preparation of DLC Coatings 74
3.4 Characterization Techniques of DLC Coatings 74
3.5 Properties of DLC Coatings 76
3.5.1 Physical Properties of DLC Coatings 76
3.5.1.1 Density 77
3.5.1.2 Surface-free Energy 77
3.5.1.3 Thermal Conductivity 79
3.5.2 Chemical Properties of DLC Coatings 80
3.5.2.1 Reactivity and Chemical Stability 81
3.5.3 Anticorrosion Properties of DLC Coatings 82
3.5.4 Biocompatibility of DLC Coatings 83
3.5.5 Opto-electrical Properties of DLC Coatings 84
3.5.5.1 Electrical Resistance 84
3.5.5.2 Bandgap 86
3.5.5.3 Refractive Index 86
3.5.6 Tribological Properties of DLC Coatings 87
3.5.6.1 Friction Coefficient 88
3.5.6.2 Wear Resistance 91
3.5.7 Adhesion of DLC Coatings to Substrates 92
3.5.8 Mechanical Properties of DLC Coatings 94
3.5.8.1 Hardness and Young's Modulus 94
3.5.8.2 Fatigue Strength of DLC Coatings 96
3.6 Improving the Properties of DLC Coatings 96
3.6.1 Modification Through Alloy Addition 97
3.6.2 Modification Through Multilayer and Hybrid Coatings 98
3.7 Applications and Uses of DLC Coatings 100
3.8 Summary and Future Outlook 100
Section II Diamond-like Carbon Coatings for Mechanical and Transportation
Applications 107
4 Diamond-like Carbon Coatings for Tools and Molds 109
Farooq Ahmad, Raies Abdullah, Jamile Mohammadi Moradian
4.1 Introduction 109
4.2 Hot Forging Die Tool Failure Mechanisms 111
4.3 Surface Treatments in Die Tools and Molds 111
4.4 Deposition of DLC Coatings 113
4.4.1 Physical Vapor Deposition 113
4.4.2 Chemical Vapor Deposition 114
4.4.3 Hybrid Coating Techniques 115
4.5 Structural Properties of DLC Coatings 115
4.6 Mechanical and Tribological Properties of DLC Coatings 117
4.7 Applications of DLC Coatings in Die Tools and Molds 118
4.8 Challenges and Future Perspective of DLC Coatings 121
5 Diamond-like Carbon Coatings for Solid Lubrication: Production
Techniques, Properties, and Applications 129
Deepak Kumar, Virendra Pratap Singh, Himanshu Rai
5.1 Introduction 130
5.2 Classifications of DLC Coatings 131
5.2.1 Hydrogenated Dip-layer Capacitors (a-DLC) 132
5.2.2 DLC Coatings Devoid of Hydrogen (ta-C) 132
5.2.3 DLC Coatings Doped With Nitrogen (a-C:N) 132
5.2.4 Fluorinated DLC coatings (a-C:F) 133
5.2.5 Silicon-doped DLC coatings (a-C:Si) 133
5.2.6 Anhydrous Carbon Nitride Amorphous (a-CN:H) 133
5.3 Deposition Methods of DLC Coatings 133
5.3.1 Sputtering 133
5.3.1.1 Direct Current Magnetron Sputtering 133
5.3.1.2 Sputtering at Radio Frequency 134
5.3.2 Ion Beam Deposition 135
5.3.3 Cathodic Arc 135
5.3.4 Pulsed Laser Deposition 136
5.3.5 Chemical Vapor Deposition 137
5.3.6 Physical Vapor Deposition 138
5.4 Tribology of DLC Coatings 140
5.4.1 Effect of Surface Roughness on Wear and Friction 140
5.4.2 Effect of Environment on Wear and Friction 141
5.4.3 Effect of Substrate on Wear and Friction 142
5.5 Modification of DLC Coatings for Reduced Wear and Friction 143
5.5.1 DLC Coatings With Interlayers 144
5.5.2 Metal-doped DLC 144
5.5.3 Cr-based Interlayers DLC Coatings 145
5.6 Applications of DLC Coatings 145
5.7 Summary and Future Directions 146
6 Diamond-like Carbon Coatings and Green Lubricants 155
Irfan Nadeem, Muhammad Shahid Arshad, Marko Polajnar
6.1 Introduction 155
6.2 DLC Coatings in Sustainable Tribology: Navigating Green Engineering
Concepts 158
6.2.1 Biodegradable Oils 159
6.2.2 Low-SAPS Lubricants 160
6.2.3 Fatty Acids 161
6.2.4 Nanoparticles as Lubricant Additives 162
6.2.5 Ionic Liquids 167
6.2.6 Water-based Lubricants and Polyhydric Alcohols 169
6.3 Role and Importance of Doping Elements on DLC Lubricating Properties
171
6.3.1 Influence of Dopants on the Surface Energy of DLC Coatings 171
6.3.2 Influence of Dopants on the Wetting Properties of DLC Coatings 174
6.4 Interactions of DLC Coatings with Green Additives 176
6.5 Lubrication Behavior of DLC Coatings with Base Lubricants 179
6.6 Conclusion 182
Section III Diamond-like Carbon Coatings for Medical Applications 191
7 Diamond-like Carbon Coatings for Artificial Implants 193
Benedict Rothammer, Max Marian
7.1 Introduction 193
7.2 Requirements for DLC Coatings When Employed to Artificial Implants 195
7.2.1 Coating-Substrate Adhesion 196
7.2.2 Biological Compatibility 198
7.3 Application for Load-bearing Implants 198
7.3.1 Biotribological Studies on the Model Level 201
7.3.2 Biotribological Studies on the Component Level 213
7.4 Application for Dental Implants and Braces/Retainers 216
7.4.1 Dental Implants 216
7.4.2 Braces/Retainers 219
7.5 Concluding Remarks 222
8 Diamond-like Carbon Coatings for Orthopedic Implants and Surgical Tools
245
Witold Kaczorowski, Krzysztof Jastrz¿bski, Piotr Niedzielski
8.1 Introduction 245
8.2 Orthopedic Substrates and DLC Coating Techniques 246
8.3 Carbon Coatings as Part of Multilayer Systems or as a Base for Doping
248
8.4 Properties of DLC Coatings and Their Use in Orthopedics and Surgical
Instruments 249
8.5 Examples of Applications of Carbon Coatings in Orthopedics and on
Surgical Instruments 261
8.6 Conclusion 263
Section IV Diamond-like Carbon Coatings for Electrical and Optical Devices
277
9 Diamond-like Carbon Coatings for Electric Storage Batteries 279
Muhammad Ihsan-Ul-Haq
9.1 Introduction 279
9.2 Applications of DLC Coatings in Secondary Batteries 280
9.2.1 DLC Coatings on Alkali Metal Anodes 282
9.2.2 DLC Coatings on Carbon or Alloy-based Anodes 283
9.2.3 DLC Coatings on Cathodes 284
9.2.4 DLC Coatings on the Separator 286
9.3 Conclusions and Future Research 287
10 DLC Coatings for Optical and Optoelectronic Applications 293
Mümin Mehmet Koç, Naim Aslan
10.1 Introduction 293
10.2 Production and Characterization Methods 295
10.3 Optical and Optoelectronic Properties 299
10.4 Effect of Production Methods/Parameters on DLC Film Properties 301
10.5 DLC Films in Optical and Optoelectronic Applications 303
10.6 Conclusion 307
Section V Emerging Applications of Diamond-like Carbon Coatings 313
11 Diamond-like Carbon Coatings for Polymers and Textiles 315
Witold Kaczorowski
11.1 Introduction 315
11.2 Polymer Substrates and Techniques for Developing DLC Coatings on Them
317
11.3 Properties of DLC Coatings for Which They Find Application in Polymer
Modification 318
11.4 Application Areas for Carbon Coatings for Polymers and Textiles 331
11.5 Conclusion 335
12 Diamond-like Carbon Coating Applications in MEMS 345
Muhammad Usman, Hafiz Mahmood Ilahi, Muhammad Umar Farooq, Mudassar Rauf ,
Muhammad Asim, Sarmad Ali Khan
12.1 Introduction 346
12.2 Mechanical Properties of DLC Coatings 348
12.3 DLC Applications for Sensors 351
12.3.1 DLC Applications for Force Sensors 351
12.3.2 DLC Applications for Temperature Sensors 354
12.3.3 DLC Applications for Piezoresistive Sensor 355
12.3.4 DLC Applications for Strain Sensors 355
12.3.5 DLC Applications for Pressure Sensors 356
12.4 DLC Applications for Nanoactuators 357
12.5 Industrial Processing 358
12.6 Applications of DLC Coatings Structural Integrity 359
12.7 DLC Applications for MEMS Tribology 359
12.7.1 Nanofretting 360
12.7.2 Nanodot Contacts 361
12.7.3 Lubricant Life Assessment 363
12.8 DLC Coatings System and Performance 363
12.8.1 Hydrogenated and Non-hydrogenated DLC Coating 363
12.8.2 Role of Substrate Material 364
12.8.3 Wear at Microscopic Scale 365
12.8.4 Static Friction 366
12.9 Conclusion 366
13 Data-centric Process, Property, and Performance of Carbon Coatings 373
Muhammad Ikhlaq, Abdul Wasy Zia
13.1 Introduction 373
13.2 Data-centric Manufacturing Process of Carbon Coatings 375
13.3 Data-centric Virtual Synthesis and Structural Design of Carbon
Coatings 380
13.4 Understanding the Properties of Carbon Coatings With Data-centric
Approaches 383
13.5 Data-centric Performance Assessment of Carbon Coatings 387
13.6 Applications of Carbon Coating in Enhancing the Heat Transfer
Processes 397
13.6.1 Condensation Heat Transfer 398
13.6.2 Boiling Heat Transfer 402
13.7 Conclusion 405
14 Circularity and Techno-economic Analysis of Carbon-coated Products 413
Ashmal James, Abdul Wasy Zia
14.1 Introduction 413
14.2 Potential Reprocessing Methods for Carbon De-coating 415
14.3 Decision Matrix of Carbon De-coating Methods 417
14.3.1 Process Robustness for De-coating 417
14.3.2 Process Efficiency to De-coat Carbon-coated Components 418
14.3.3 De-coating Processes and Base Material Safety 418
14.3.4 Sustainability Aspects of De-coating Processes 418
14.3.5 Technology Readiness Level of De-coating Processes 419
14.3.6 Cost 419
14.4 Technical Analysis of Carbon De-coating Methods 419
14.4.1 Robustness of De-coating Processes 420
14.4.2 Circularity Index for De-coating Processes 421
14.4.3 Safety Factor Index for De-coating Processes 421
14.4.4 Technology Readiness Levels of De-coating Processes 422
14.5 Economic Analysis of Carbon De-coating Methods 422
14.5.1 Capital Cost 422
14.5.2 Running Cost 422
14.6 Case Study - Carbon De-coating from Cutting Tools 423
14.7 Conclusion 426
Index 429