Effective social policy-making has been debated for decades by policy-makers, scholars, and the general public. As elected officials have lost sight of their purpose in a climate of extreme polarization and partisan politics, disappointment and distrust of our government institutions have swelled. This book highlights the importance of a change in the hearts and minds of legislators and provides a new perspective on addressing the public's desire for more effective and humane social policies. Covering the legislative and social policy making process from a historical and contemporary…mehr
Effective social policy-making has been debated for decades by policy-makers, scholars, and the general public. As elected officials have lost sight of their purpose in a climate of extreme polarization and partisan politics, disappointment and distrust of our government institutions have swelled. This book highlights the importance of a change in the hearts and minds of legislators and provides a new perspective on addressing the public's desire for more effective and humane social policies. Covering the legislative and social policy making process from a historical and contemporary perspective, this book identifies powerful interest groups and corporate dollars which influence our legislative process and erode sound policy ideas and solutions. The book also explores a new generation of youth voters which can influence election and policy outcomes; the current mental health crisis; and the importance of evidence-based research in designing social policies. Several topics are illuminated by real-life experiences, case studies and practical guidelines.
Catherine E. Johnson lives in Winston-Salem, North Carolina. Throughout her professional life, she has functioned in various professional capacities, including as a mental health worker, social worker, research associate, program evaluator, public administrator, and adjunct professor at Temple University, New York University and Penn State (Abington).
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Table of Contents Acknowledgments Preface Introduction 1. Historical Development of Social Policies Overview Industrialization and Urbanization Civil War Pensions Workmen's Compensation and Mothers' Pensions Industrialization, National Values, and Social Policy Logic of Industrialization National Values Federalism and Origins of Intergovernmental Relations Models of Intergovernmental Relations Federalism and Development of Intergovernmental Policies Interest Groups, Lobbies, and Policy Demands Conclusions 2. Development of Contemporary Social Policies Overview The Legislative Process (Ideas, Proposals, and Legislation) Federal Bureaucracies and Oversight Economic and Political Environment 2008 Fiscal Crisis COVID-19 Pandemic Divided Government External Influences Interest Groups Lobbying Activities Publicity (Mass and Social Media) Political Parties Judicial System Program Evaluation Conclusions 3. Implementation of Social Policies Overview Governance and Intergovernmental Relations Developmental and Redistributive Policies Explanatory Theories of Implementation Classical Theory Theories of Circularity Selected Case Studies Characteristics of the Implementation Process Political Environment Governance and Policy Standards Local Support Administrative Capability Frontline Bureaucrats and Decision-Making Leadership and Communication Fiscal Resources and Accountability Securing Funding Spending Patterns Program Outputs and Outcomes Funding Delays Conclusions 4. Case Study: Job Training Partnership Act Overview Job Training Partnership Act (JTPA) Legislation Governance and Policy Formation The Philadelphia Story Economy Political Conditions Organizational Structure and Governance Local Opposition and Service Delivery The New York Story Economy Political Conditions Organizational Structure and Governance Local Opposition and Service Delivery Characteristics of the Implementation Process Political Environment City Administrators, LEOs, and PIC City-State Relationships Administrative Conditions Program Start-Up Leadership Ability Communications Fiscal Conditions and Accountability Accountability and Management Financial Resources Comparison of Performance Outcomes in Philadelphia and New York Data from National Studies Demographics of Program Participants General Statewide Performance Data Findings Conclusions 5. Social Policies and Communities of Color Historical Overview Slavery and Black America Civil War, Emancipation, and Social Policies Early Civil Rights Movement: Freedmen's Bureau and Reconstruction Policies under the Freedmen's Bureau Effectiveness of Reconstruction Contemporary Social Policies and African American Communities Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.'s Vision of Community Action The Great Society and Anti-Poverty Movement Systemic Inequities and Social Policies The Effects of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Communities of Color Education and COVID-19 Conclusions 6. The Youth Vote and Civic Participation Overview The Electoral Process Purpose and History of Elections and Voting Elections and Voting Structure Voter Participation Rates Youth Civic Participation in the Nineteenth Century Youth Civic Participation in the Twentieth and Twenty-First Centuries Importance of the Youth Vote and Turnout Parental Influence Political Party Identification and Realignment Political Party Identification Party Deviation or Realignment Party Identification During 2022 Elections Voting and Policy-Making Youth Movements (Nonpartisan, Conservative, and Liberal) Conclusions 7. The Mental Health Crisis: Policies and Practices Overview History of Mental Health Policy: The 1960s and Beyond Mental Health Policies and Practices in the Twenty-First Century Social and Economic Costs: Strategies and Proposals Federal Government Initiatives State and Local Government Initiatives North Carolina Ohio Maryland Special Issues and Policy Considerations Mental Health and Substance Use Opioids and Fentanyl The Coexistence of Mental Health Disorders and Substance Use Mass Shootings and Mental Illness Suicide and Mental Health Current Suicide Policies and Programs Social Media and Mental Health Conclusions 8. Research and Evaluation Overview Qualitative versus Quantitative Research Evaluation Methods and Approaches Formative and Summative Evaluations Evaluation Approaches Development of Measurable Goals and Objectives Sample Project Goals and Objectives Measurable Goals Success Criteria (Expected Outcomes) Developing Evaluation Tools Developing an Evaluation Matrix or Table Implementation versus Outcomes and Impact Research and Evaluation Constraints Evidence-Based Research and Policy-Making Evidence-Based Policymaking Commission Act of 2016 Successful Evidence-Based Programs Methods and Approaches for Building Trust and Utilizing Evidence Building Trust to Inform Policy Decisions Randomized Controlled Trials (RCTs): The Gold Standard Ethics and Confidentiality Research and Lobbying Confidentiality/Reporting Securing Participant Data Conclusions 9. Final Thoughts and Conclusions Chapter Notes Bibliography Index
Table of Contents Acknowledgments Preface Introduction 1. Historical Development of Social Policies Overview Industrialization and Urbanization Civil War Pensions Workmen's Compensation and Mothers' Pensions Industrialization, National Values, and Social Policy Logic of Industrialization National Values Federalism and Origins of Intergovernmental Relations Models of Intergovernmental Relations Federalism and Development of Intergovernmental Policies Interest Groups, Lobbies, and Policy Demands Conclusions 2. Development of Contemporary Social Policies Overview The Legislative Process (Ideas, Proposals, and Legislation) Federal Bureaucracies and Oversight Economic and Political Environment 2008 Fiscal Crisis COVID-19 Pandemic Divided Government External Influences Interest Groups Lobbying Activities Publicity (Mass and Social Media) Political Parties Judicial System Program Evaluation Conclusions 3. Implementation of Social Policies Overview Governance and Intergovernmental Relations Developmental and Redistributive Policies Explanatory Theories of Implementation Classical Theory Theories of Circularity Selected Case Studies Characteristics of the Implementation Process Political Environment Governance and Policy Standards Local Support Administrative Capability Frontline Bureaucrats and Decision-Making Leadership and Communication Fiscal Resources and Accountability Securing Funding Spending Patterns Program Outputs and Outcomes Funding Delays Conclusions 4. Case Study: Job Training Partnership Act Overview Job Training Partnership Act (JTPA) Legislation Governance and Policy Formation The Philadelphia Story Economy Political Conditions Organizational Structure and Governance Local Opposition and Service Delivery The New York Story Economy Political Conditions Organizational Structure and Governance Local Opposition and Service Delivery Characteristics of the Implementation Process Political Environment City Administrators, LEOs, and PIC City-State Relationships Administrative Conditions Program Start-Up Leadership Ability Communications Fiscal Conditions and Accountability Accountability and Management Financial Resources Comparison of Performance Outcomes in Philadelphia and New York Data from National Studies Demographics of Program Participants General Statewide Performance Data Findings Conclusions 5. Social Policies and Communities of Color Historical Overview Slavery and Black America Civil War, Emancipation, and Social Policies Early Civil Rights Movement: Freedmen's Bureau and Reconstruction Policies under the Freedmen's Bureau Effectiveness of Reconstruction Contemporary Social Policies and African American Communities Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.'s Vision of Community Action The Great Society and Anti-Poverty Movement Systemic Inequities and Social Policies The Effects of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Communities of Color Education and COVID-19 Conclusions 6. The Youth Vote and Civic Participation Overview The Electoral Process Purpose and History of Elections and Voting Elections and Voting Structure Voter Participation Rates Youth Civic Participation in the Nineteenth Century Youth Civic Participation in the Twentieth and Twenty-First Centuries Importance of the Youth Vote and Turnout Parental Influence Political Party Identification and Realignment Political Party Identification Party Deviation or Realignment Party Identification During 2022 Elections Voting and Policy-Making Youth Movements (Nonpartisan, Conservative, and Liberal) Conclusions 7. The Mental Health Crisis: Policies and Practices Overview History of Mental Health Policy: The 1960s and Beyond Mental Health Policies and Practices in the Twenty-First Century Social and Economic Costs: Strategies and Proposals Federal Government Initiatives State and Local Government Initiatives North Carolina Ohio Maryland Special Issues and Policy Considerations Mental Health and Substance Use Opioids and Fentanyl The Coexistence of Mental Health Disorders and Substance Use Mass Shootings and Mental Illness Suicide and Mental Health Current Suicide Policies and Programs Social Media and Mental Health Conclusions 8. Research and Evaluation Overview Qualitative versus Quantitative Research Evaluation Methods and Approaches Formative and Summative Evaluations Evaluation Approaches Development of Measurable Goals and Objectives Sample Project Goals and Objectives Measurable Goals Success Criteria (Expected Outcomes) Developing Evaluation Tools Developing an Evaluation Matrix or Table Implementation versus Outcomes and Impact Research and Evaluation Constraints Evidence-Based Research and Policy-Making Evidence-Based Policymaking Commission Act of 2016 Successful Evidence-Based Programs Methods and Approaches for Building Trust and Utilizing Evidence Building Trust to Inform Policy Decisions Randomized Controlled Trials (RCTs): The Gold Standard Ethics and Confidentiality Research and Lobbying Confidentiality/Reporting Securing Participant Data Conclusions 9. Final Thoughts and Conclusions Chapter Notes Bibliography Index
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