The best protection against environmental mutagens is to identify them before they ever come into general use. But it is always possible that some substance will escape detection and affect a large number of persons without this being realized until later generations. This article considers ways in which such a genetic emergency might be promptly detected. A mutation-detecting system should be relevant in that it tests for effects that are as closely related as possible to those that are feared. It should be sensitive enough to detect a moderate increase in mutation rate, able to discover the…mehr
The best protection against environmental mutagens is to identify them before they ever come into general use. But it is always possible that some substance will escape detection and affect a large number of persons without this being realized until later generations. This article considers ways in which such a genetic emergency might be promptly detected. A mutation-detecting system should be relevant in that it tests for effects that are as closely related as possible to those that are feared. It should be sensitive enough to detect a moderate increase in mutation rate, able to discover the increase promptly before more damage is done, responsive to various kinds of mutational events, and designed in such a way as to maxi- mize the probability that the Gause of an increase can be found. Methods based on germinal mutation necessarily involve enormous numbers of persons and tests. On the other hand, with somatic mutations the individual cell becomes the unit of measurement rather than the in- dividual person. For this reason, I think that somatic tests are preferable to germinal tests, despite the fact that it is germinal mutations which are feared.Hinweis: Dieser Artikel kann nur an eine deutsche Lieferadresse ausgeliefert werden.
of Volume 3.- 24 History of Research on Chemical Mutagenesis.- I. Introduction.- II. War Gases.- III. Other Alkylating Agents.- IV. Nitroso Compounds.- V. Urethane.- VI. Alkaloids.- VII. Inorganic Salts.- VIII. Formaldehyde, Organic Peroxides.- IX. Nitrous Acid.- X. Calf Thymus DNA and Other Macromolecules, Carcinogens.- XI Phenols.- XII. Basic Dyes.- XIII. Purines.- XIV. Base Analogues.- XV. Epilogue.- XVI. References.- 25 Observations on Meiotic Chromosomes of the Male Mouse as a Test of the Potential Mutagenicity of Chemicals in Mammals.- I. Introduction.- II. Methods for Detecting Chromosome Aberrations.- III. Experimental Results with Ionizing Radiation.- IV. Experimental Results with Chemical Mutagens.- V. Acknowledgments.- VI. References.- 26 Techniques for Monitoring and Assessing the Significance of Mutagenesis in Human Populations.- I. Introduction.- II. Kinds of Information about Human Populations Needed for Monitoring.- III. Limitations and Advantages of Using Existing Population Records.- IV. Information Content of the Available Records.- V. Methods of Record Linkage.- VI. Relevant Data Obtained by Record Linkage.- VII. Future Accessibility of Diagnostic Data.- VIII. Mutagenesis and the Search for an Optimum Environment for Man.- IX. Conclusions for Geneticists.- X. References.- 27 Specific-Locus Mutational Assay Systems for Mouse Lymphoma Cells.- I. Introduction.- II. HGPRT Locus.- III. TK Locus: General Principles.- IV. TK Locus in a Mutational Assay System.- V. Concluding Remarks.- VI. Acknowledgments.- VII. References.- 28 Approaches to Monitoring Human Populations for Mutation Rates and Genetic Disease.- I. Introduction.- II. Theoretical Importance of Measurements in Man.- III. Practical Importance of Human Genetic Monitoring.- IV. Study of Mutation atthe Molecular Level.- V. Critique of Genetic Monitoring Based on Electrophoresis.- VI. Does the Initial Approach Meet the Criteria for a Satisfactory Monitoring System?.- VII. Estimates of the Magnitude of Effort Required.- VIII. Importance of Accurate Information.- IX. Some Technological Requirements.- X. Assessment of Technological Possibilities (Using Electrophoresis).- XI. Methods Based on Activity Measurements.- XII. Low Molecular Weight Substances.- XIII. Confirmatory Analyses, Genetic Follow-up, and Data Reduction.- XIV. Genetic Monitoring as a National Problem.- XV. Conclusions.- XVI. References.- 29 Repair of Chemical Damage to Human DNA.- I. Introduction.- II. Sequence of Molecular Events in Experiments with Mutagenic and Carcinogenic Agents.- III. What Can DNA Repair Studies Tell Us?.- IV. Methods of Studying Repair.- V. The Two Forms of Repair as Measured by BrUra Photolysis.- VI. Classification of DNA-Damaging Chemical Agents According to the Repair Sequence Induced.- VII. Xeroderma Pigmentosum and UV-Type Repair after Chemical Damage to DNA.- VIII. Summary of Present Interpretations.- IX. Acknowledgments.- X. References.- 30 Tradescantia Stamen Hairs: A Radiobiological Test System Applicable to Chemical Mutagenesis.- I. Introduction.- II. Techniques and Procedures.- III. Characteristic Data Obtained from the Stamen-Hair System.- IV. Summary.- V. Acknowledgments.- VI. References.- 31 Detection of Genetically Active Chemicals Using Various Yeast Systems.- I. Brief Description of the Yeasts Used in Genetic Research.- II. Techniques.- III. Treatment Conditions.- IV. Systems Used to Detect Mutagenicity of Chemicals.- V. Evaluation of Mutagenesis Experiments and Complications.- VI. The Problem of Metabolic Activation.- VII. Mitotic Recombination.- VIII. MethodsUsed to Increase Sensitivity to Genetically Active Agents.- IX. General Evaluation.- X. Acknowledgments.- XI. References.- 32 Total Reproductive Capacity in Female Mice: Chemical Effects and Their Analysis.- I. Introduction.- II. Oocyte Development and Responses to Radiation Effects.- III. General Procedure.- IV. Fertility Effects of Alkylating Chemicals on Female Mice.- V. Delayed Pathological and Survival Effects in Chemically Treated Female Mice in the Total Reproductive Capacity Experiment.- VI. Importance of Using Females in Fertility Studies.- VII. Need for Assay Systems in Female Mice to Measure Induced Heritable Genetic Damage.- VIII. References.- 33 Insect Chemosterilants as Mutagens.- I. Introduction.- II. Screening of Chemosterilants.- III. Classification of Chemosterilants.- IV. Conclusion.- V. References.- 34 The Literature of Chemical Mutagenesis.- I. Introduction.- II. The State of Chemical Mutagenesis Literature.- III. Sources and Types of Chemical Mutagenesis Literature.- IV. Organization of Chemical Mutagenesis Information.- V. Some Suggestions for Improving Literature Control.- VI. Conclusion.- VII: Acknowledgments.- Author Index.
of Volume 3.- 24 History of Research on Chemical Mutagenesis.- I. Introduction.- II. War Gases.- III. Other Alkylating Agents.- IV. Nitroso Compounds.- V. Urethane.- VI. Alkaloids.- VII. Inorganic Salts.- VIII. Formaldehyde, Organic Peroxides.- IX. Nitrous Acid.- X. Calf Thymus DNA and Other Macromolecules, Carcinogens.- XI Phenols.- XII. Basic Dyes.- XIII. Purines.- XIV. Base Analogues.- XV. Epilogue.- XVI. References.- 25 Observations on Meiotic Chromosomes of the Male Mouse as a Test of the Potential Mutagenicity of Chemicals in Mammals.- I. Introduction.- II. Methods for Detecting Chromosome Aberrations.- III. Experimental Results with Ionizing Radiation.- IV. Experimental Results with Chemical Mutagens.- V. Acknowledgments.- VI. References.- 26 Techniques for Monitoring and Assessing the Significance of Mutagenesis in Human Populations.- I. Introduction.- II. Kinds of Information about Human Populations Needed for Monitoring.- III. Limitations and Advantages of Using Existing Population Records.- IV. Information Content of the Available Records.- V. Methods of Record Linkage.- VI. Relevant Data Obtained by Record Linkage.- VII. Future Accessibility of Diagnostic Data.- VIII. Mutagenesis and the Search for an Optimum Environment for Man.- IX. Conclusions for Geneticists.- X. References.- 27 Specific-Locus Mutational Assay Systems for Mouse Lymphoma Cells.- I. Introduction.- II. HGPRT Locus.- III. TK Locus: General Principles.- IV. TK Locus in a Mutational Assay System.- V. Concluding Remarks.- VI. Acknowledgments.- VII. References.- 28 Approaches to Monitoring Human Populations for Mutation Rates and Genetic Disease.- I. Introduction.- II. Theoretical Importance of Measurements in Man.- III. Practical Importance of Human Genetic Monitoring.- IV. Study of Mutation atthe Molecular Level.- V. Critique of Genetic Monitoring Based on Electrophoresis.- VI. Does the Initial Approach Meet the Criteria for a Satisfactory Monitoring System?.- VII. Estimates of the Magnitude of Effort Required.- VIII. Importance of Accurate Information.- IX. Some Technological Requirements.- X. Assessment of Technological Possibilities (Using Electrophoresis).- XI. Methods Based on Activity Measurements.- XII. Low Molecular Weight Substances.- XIII. Confirmatory Analyses, Genetic Follow-up, and Data Reduction.- XIV. Genetic Monitoring as a National Problem.- XV. Conclusions.- XVI. References.- 29 Repair of Chemical Damage to Human DNA.- I. Introduction.- II. Sequence of Molecular Events in Experiments with Mutagenic and Carcinogenic Agents.- III. What Can DNA Repair Studies Tell Us?.- IV. Methods of Studying Repair.- V. The Two Forms of Repair as Measured by BrUra Photolysis.- VI. Classification of DNA-Damaging Chemical Agents According to the Repair Sequence Induced.- VII. Xeroderma Pigmentosum and UV-Type Repair after Chemical Damage to DNA.- VIII. Summary of Present Interpretations.- IX. Acknowledgments.- X. References.- 30 Tradescantia Stamen Hairs: A Radiobiological Test System Applicable to Chemical Mutagenesis.- I. Introduction.- II. Techniques and Procedures.- III. Characteristic Data Obtained from the Stamen-Hair System.- IV. Summary.- V. Acknowledgments.- VI. References.- 31 Detection of Genetically Active Chemicals Using Various Yeast Systems.- I. Brief Description of the Yeasts Used in Genetic Research.- II. Techniques.- III. Treatment Conditions.- IV. Systems Used to Detect Mutagenicity of Chemicals.- V. Evaluation of Mutagenesis Experiments and Complications.- VI. The Problem of Metabolic Activation.- VII. Mitotic Recombination.- VIII. MethodsUsed to Increase Sensitivity to Genetically Active Agents.- IX. General Evaluation.- X. Acknowledgments.- XI. References.- 32 Total Reproductive Capacity in Female Mice: Chemical Effects and Their Analysis.- I. Introduction.- II. Oocyte Development and Responses to Radiation Effects.- III. General Procedure.- IV. Fertility Effects of Alkylating Chemicals on Female Mice.- V. Delayed Pathological and Survival Effects in Chemically Treated Female Mice in the Total Reproductive Capacity Experiment.- VI. Importance of Using Females in Fertility Studies.- VII. Need for Assay Systems in Female Mice to Measure Induced Heritable Genetic Damage.- VIII. References.- 33 Insect Chemosterilants as Mutagens.- I. Introduction.- II. Screening of Chemosterilants.- III. Classification of Chemosterilants.- IV. Conclusion.- V. References.- 34 The Literature of Chemical Mutagenesis.- I. Introduction.- II. The State of Chemical Mutagenesis Literature.- III. Sources and Types of Chemical Mutagenesis Literature.- IV. Organization of Chemical Mutagenesis Information.- V. Some Suggestions for Improving Literature Control.- VI. Conclusion.- VII: Acknowledgments.- Author Index.
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