Robin A. Hardy is an executive with the Africa Center for Strategy and Policy in Washington DC and teaches university courses, specializing in Africa and Europe. Hardy is the author of several articles, including "Backgrounder-Islamic Insurgency in Senegal: A Foreboding History of Terror" (2023); "Europe, or the 'Original West,' Muslims, and Migration: The Peculiar History of France and West Africa with Broader Implications" (2020); "Countering Violent Extremism in Sub-Saharan Africa: What Policy Makers Need to Know" (2019); and "Violent Extremism in the Western Sahel: An Old Story with Contemporary Implications" (2019).

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Chapter One: Introduction
Chapter Two: The Emerging French Atlantic Sandbox: Africans, Slaves and
European Competition
Chapter Three: West African Mixed-Race Residual Power and Slavery
Chapter Four: French Spectatorship and Slavery
Chapter Five: Metropolitan Political Culture: The Colonies, Race and the
Emancipation of Slaves
Chapter Six: Conclusion
Bibliography

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