"Julia Fleming has written an important and intriguing piece of history and theology, uncovering and exploring the largely forgotten probabilist controversy that dominated 17th century Catholic moral theology, and introducing us to a casuist (Juan Caramuel) who was no mere laxist, but a pastoral theologian committed to providing moral guidance and compassion to pilgrims and disciples seeking the truth through a glass darkly."—Patrick T. McCormick, professor of Christian ethics, Gonzaga University