By the late eighteenth century, scientists had discovered certain types of gas, such as 'fixed air' (carbon dioxide), but their composition was little understood. Relatively few investigations into gases had taken place, and so the polymath Joseph Priestley (1733-1804) was able to make major breakthroughs in the field using a range of experimental techniques. While living near a brewery, he found that it was possible to outline the shape of the gas above fermenting beer with smoke, and that fire would burn with varying strength depending on the composition of the air. This three-volume…mehr
By the late eighteenth century, scientists had discovered certain types of gas, such as 'fixed air' (carbon dioxide), but their composition was little understood. Relatively few investigations into gases had taken place, and so the polymath Joseph Priestley (1733-1804) was able to make major breakthroughs in the field using a range of experimental techniques. While living near a brewery, he found that it was possible to outline the shape of the gas above fermenting beer with smoke, and that fire would burn with varying strength depending on the composition of the air. This three-volume collection first appeared between 1774 and 1777. Priestley acknowledges that Volume 3 (1777) would more greatly interest those with technical training in the physical sciences as compared with general scholars. It also highlights some new and important inferences, notably on the function of blood in respiration.
English scientist, theologian, and political theorist Joseph Priestley (1733-1804) made numerous contributions to chemistry, physics, and philosophy. Priestley, who was raised in Birstall, West Yorkshire, attended local schools before going to Daventry Academy, where he became very interested in natural philosophy. Priestley made significant scientific advances. His greatest-known distxtery, made in 1774, was oxygen, which he dubbed "dephlogisticated air." His investigations into gases and their characteristics, which are detailed in "Experiments and Observations on Different Kinds of Air," greatly enhanced our knowledge of chemistry. Priestley also studied nitrous oxide and carbon dioxide, among other gases. In addition to his scientific interests, Priestley was a prolific writer on theological and political topics as well as a dissident clergyman. He received criticism for his Unitarian beliefs and his perceived radical religious ideas. Priestley was a liberal and democratic idealist whose political writings shaped the early American history.
Inhaltsangabe
Preface Introduction 1. Of the production of dephlogisticated air from the several metals 2. Of the phenomena which attend the solution of some of the semi-metals in spirit of nitre 3. Of the production of dephlogisticated air from earthy substances 4. An attempt to ascertain the quantity of spirit of nitre, in a given quantity of dephlogisticated air 5. Observations on respiration, and the use of the blood 6. Miscellaneous experiments and observations relating to dephlogisticated air 7. Of the influence of oil of turpentine and spirit of wine on common air 8. Miscellaneous experiments relating to common air 9. Of the impregnation of water with nitrous air 10. Of the absorption of nitrous air by oils, spirit of wine, and caustic alkali 11. Of the phenomena attending the absorption of nitrous air by acid liquors 12. Of the processes by which nitrous air is brought into a state in which a candle will burn in it with an enlarged flame 13. Of the phenomena attending the diminution of nitrous air by iron filings and brimstone 14. Of the diminution of nitrous air 15. Of the nitrous acid extracted from nitrous air 16. Miscellaneous experiments relating to nitrous air 17. An account of some experiments made in consequence of an attempt to confine the nitrous acid vapour by means of animal oils 18. Observations on the nitrous acid vapour itself 19. Of the saturation of water with nitrous vapour 20. Of the impregnation of oils, and of spirit of wine, with the nitrous vapour 21. Of the impregnation of the acids, etc., with the nitrous vapour 22. Of the actions of nitrous vapour upon some solid substances 23. Various observations relating to the process for making spirit of nitre 24. Observations relating to the colour and strength of the nitrous acid 25. Of the effects of the solution of bismuth and of distillation on the nitrous acid 26. Experiments relating to inflammable air 27. Observations relating to vitriolic acid air 28. Observations relating to fluor acid air 29. Experiments relating to marine acid air 30. Experiments on the mixture of different kinds of air 31. Of the effects of fixed air on vegetation, and the colour of rose leaves 32. Observations relating to the production, or non-production of air 33. Miscellaneous experiments 34. Experiments relating to some of the preceding sections, made since they were printed off Appendix.
Preface Introduction 1. Of the production of dephlogisticated air from the several metals 2. Of the phenomena which attend the solution of some of the semi-metals in spirit of nitre 3. Of the production of dephlogisticated air from earthy substances 4. An attempt to ascertain the quantity of spirit of nitre, in a given quantity of dephlogisticated air 5. Observations on respiration, and the use of the blood 6. Miscellaneous experiments and observations relating to dephlogisticated air 7. Of the influence of oil of turpentine and spirit of wine on common air 8. Miscellaneous experiments relating to common air 9. Of the impregnation of water with nitrous air 10. Of the absorption of nitrous air by oils, spirit of wine, and caustic alkali 11. Of the phenomena attending the absorption of nitrous air by acid liquors 12. Of the processes by which nitrous air is brought into a state in which a candle will burn in it with an enlarged flame 13. Of the phenomena attending the diminution of nitrous air by iron filings and brimstone 14. Of the diminution of nitrous air 15. Of the nitrous acid extracted from nitrous air 16. Miscellaneous experiments relating to nitrous air 17. An account of some experiments made in consequence of an attempt to confine the nitrous acid vapour by means of animal oils 18. Observations on the nitrous acid vapour itself 19. Of the saturation of water with nitrous vapour 20. Of the impregnation of oils, and of spirit of wine, with the nitrous vapour 21. Of the impregnation of the acids, etc., with the nitrous vapour 22. Of the actions of nitrous vapour upon some solid substances 23. Various observations relating to the process for making spirit of nitre 24. Observations relating to the colour and strength of the nitrous acid 25. Of the effects of the solution of bismuth and of distillation on the nitrous acid 26. Experiments relating to inflammable air 27. Observations relating to vitriolic acid air 28. Observations relating to fluor acid air 29. Experiments relating to marine acid air 30. Experiments on the mixture of different kinds of air 31. Of the effects of fixed air on vegetation, and the colour of rose leaves 32. Observations relating to the production, or non-production of air 33. Miscellaneous experiments 34. Experiments relating to some of the preceding sections, made since they were printed off Appendix.
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