S. Marc Breedlove

Foundations of Neural Development

• Broschiertes Buch

Produktbeschreibung

Lively and engaging, with the finest illustrations, Foundations of Neural Development helps undergraduate level biology students understand how a single microscopic cell, a human zygote, can develop into the most complex machine on earth: the brain.

Produktdetails

• Verlag: Oxford University Press Inc
• 2 Revised edition
• Seitenzahl: 370
• Erscheinungstermin: 3. Juni 2025
• Englisch
• ISBN-13: 9780197764022
• ISBN-10: 0197764029
• Artikelnr.: 74265408

Autorenporträt

S. Marc Breedlove, the Barnett Rosenberg Professor of Neuroscience at Michigan State University, has written more than 130 scientific articles investigating the role of hormones in shaping the developing and adult nervous system, publishing in journals including Science, Nature, Nature Neuroscience, and the Proceedings of the National Academy of Science. He is also passionate about teaching--in the classroom, and in the greater community through interviews with the Washington Post, Los Angeles Times, New York Times, and Newsweek, as well as broadcast programs including All Things Considered, Good Morning America, and Sixty Minutes. He has active grant support from the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke and the National Institute of Mental Health. Dr. Breedlove is a Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science and the Association for Psychological Science.

Inhaltsangabe

* Contents
* Prologue The Rationalist Philosophers
* All I Know is that I Know Nothing
* The Benefits of Having an Immortal Soul
* What Does All This Philosophy Stuff have to do with this Book?
* CHAPTER 1 The Metazoans' Dilemma: Cell Differentiation and Neural
Induction
* 1.1. Metazoans Evolved the Ability to Produce Cells with Very
Different Functions
* I. Preformationism Offered an Easy but Wrong Solution, While
Epigenesis Seemed Incomprehensible
* II. The Rediscovery of Genes Set the Stage for Understanding
Development
* III. Gene Expression Directs Cell Differentiation
* Researchers at Work: Do Differentiating Cells Dispose of Unused
Genes?
* 1.2. Scientists Domesticated a Simple Worm to Address the Questions
of Cell Differentiation
* I. Mitotic Lineage Guides Cell Differentiation in Worms
* BOX 1.1 Kerfuffles in Language: "Cell fate" and "commitment"
* II. Many Embryos, Including All Vertebrates, Display
"Self-Regulation"
* III. Experimental Embryology Revealed Inductive Processes Underlying
Self-Regulation
* 1.3 A Region of the Vertebrate Embryo Seems to "Organize" Development
* Researchers at Work: The Dorsal Lip of the Blastopore Can Organize a
New Individual
* I. Long Abandoned, the Organizer Was Uncovered through Molecular
Biological Techniques
* II. What Organizes the Organizer?
* III. In Insects, Epidermal Cells Compete to Become Neuroblasts
* The Cutting Edge: Tracing the pathway to the human organizer.
* Visual Summary
* CHAPTER 2 Coordinating Fates: Development of a Body Pattern
* 2.1 The First Draft of a Body Plan
* I. Darwin Noted That Vertebrate Embryos Start Off Looking Alike
* Box 2.1. A Step Too Far
* RESEARCHERS AT WORK: Two Heads Are Not Better Than One
* 2.2 Homeotic Mutations and the Homeobox
* I. Some Mutations in Drosophila Transform Body Parts Whole
* II. Hox Genes Are Crucial for Vertebrate Development, Too
* III. Homeobox gene Otx2 specifies the vertebrate forebrain and
midbrain
* BOX 2.3 Kerfuffles in Language: "Segmentation"
* 2.3 Defining the Main Axes of the Nervous System
* I. Several Signals Designate the Caudal End of the Body and Nervous
System
* II. Continued Gradients in BMP Signaling Establish the Dorsal-Ventral
Axis in the Nervous System
* RESEARCHERS AT WORK: What Notochord Factor Induces the Floor Plate
and Motor Neurons?
* III. Find Out Where You Are to Coordinate your Fate with that of your
Neighbors
* The Cutting Edge: Brain Organoids
* Visual Summary
* CHAPTER 3 Upward Mobility: Neurogenesis and Migration
* 3.1 Generating Neurons
* I. The Same Gene May Play a Role in Many Different Developmental
Events
* II. The Developing Brain Generates Neurons at a Tremendous Rate
* III. Shortly after Division, Neural Cells Diverge to Become Neurons
or Glia
* RESEARCHERS AT WORK: Labeling of Dividing Cells Disputes the Idea
That Lineage Determines Fate
* IIII. The Cerebellum AND Cerebral Cortex Form in Layers
* 3.2 Cellular Birthdays and Initial Sorting
* I. We Can Label Newly Synthesized DNA to Determine the Birthdates of
Cells
* II. Newborn Cells Shinny Up Glial Poles
* RESEARCHERS AT WORK: The Cortex Develops in an Inside-Out Manner
* III. A Few Brain Regions Display Continuing Neurogenesis throughout
Life
* BOX 3.1 THE CONTROVERSY OF NEUROGENESIS IN ADULTHOOD
* 3.3 Neural Crest and Cerebellum
* I. Neural Crest Cells Migrate to Positions throughout the Body
* II. Cell Adhesion Molecules Attract and Repel Migrating Cells
* III. Cerebellar Granule Cells Parachute Down from Above
* RESEARCHERS AT WORK Weaver Neurons Fail to Grasp Glial Fibers
* The Cutting Edge: Profiling Gene Expression to Probe Brain
Development
* Visual Summary
* CHAPTER 4 Seeking Identity: Neural Differentiation
* 4.1 The Differentiation of Neurons and Glia
* I. The Fruit Fly Retina Develops through an Orderly Progression of
Gene Expression and Signaling
* Box 4.1. Transgenics, Knockouts, and Knockins
* II. Several Factors Influence Whether a Cell Will Become a Neuron or
a Glia
* 4.2 Differentiation in Spinal Cord and the Periphery
* I. The Molecular Differentiation of Motor Neurons Is Orderly
* II. Neural Crest Cells Are Affected by Their Migration and
Destination
* RESEARCHERS AT WORK: Neural Crest Cells Adopt New Fates after
Transplantation
* RESEARCHERS AT WORK: Targets Can Regulate the Neurotransmitter
Phenotype of Afferents
* 4.3 Evolutionary consequences of increased plasticity
* I. The Fate of a Cortical Neuron Is Influenced Both before and after
Migration
* RESEARCHERS AT WORK: Cortical Neuron Fate Is Specified after the S
Phase
* II. Later Events in Development Are More Evolutionarily Labile
* The Cutting Edge: Artificial Selection for Larger Forebrains
* Visual Summary
* CHAPTER 5 Feeling One's Way: Axonal Pathfinding
* 5.1 Axonal Growth Cones Crawl Toward their Targets
* I. Ramón y Cajal Described Growth Cones and Discerned Their
Significance
* II. In Vitro Approaches Reveal Principles of Axonal Growth and
Adhesion
* RESEARCHERS AT WORK: Getting a Grip: The Role of Adhesion in Axonal
Growth
* III. Guidance Cues May Be Attractive to One Type of Growth Cone and
Repulsive to Others
* 5.2 Surrounding Cells Provide Guidance Cues
* I. Families of Receptors Offer a Multitude of Guidance Cues
* II. Pioneer Neurons and Guidepost Cells Establish Pathways for Later
Axons
* III. Many Axonal Growth Cones Have to Deal with Crossing the Midline
* RESEARCHERS AT WORK: What Makes the Floor Plate so Attractive?
* 5.3 Major Projection Pathways "Read" the Environment
* I. Motor Neuronal Axons Must Find the Correct Target Muscles
* RESEARCHERS AT WORK: Can You Navigate Your Way Home?
* II. The Axons of Retinal Ganglion Cells Must Reach the Midbrain
* RESEARCHERS AT WORK: I'd Rather Walk over Here
* III. The Corpus Callosum Is Directed across the Midline by a Glial
Bridge
* RESEARCHERS AT WORK: Glia Can Help Axons Cross a Border
* The Cutting Edge: Identifying Callosal Axonal Growth Cones
* Visual Summary
* CHAPTER 6 Making Connections: Synapse Formation and Maturation
* 6.1 Signals for Synapse Formation
* I. We Can Divide Synapse Structure and Development into Three Parts
* II. A Synapse Begins with Adhesion
* Researchers at Work: Dendritic Spines Compete for Survival
* III. Fragile X Syndrome Suggests There Can Be Too Much of a Good
Thing
* 6.2 Neuromuscular Junction Formation
* Researchers at Work: Presynaptic and Postsynaptic Receptors Trigger
Synaptic Development
* I. Neuromuscular Junctions Illustrate That Synapse Formation Is a
Dance for Two (or More)
* II. Motor Neuronal Agrin Promotes the Aggregation of Acetylcholine
Receptors
* III. Neuregulins Boost Local ACHR Expression in Muscle and Maintain
Terminal Schwann Cells
* IIII. Once Formed, the NMJ Leaves an Imprint in the Extracellular
Matrix
* Researchers at Work: Neuromuscular Junctions Leave a Residue in the
Basal Lamina
* 6.3 Sharpening Synapses and Myelinating Axons
* I. Embryonic Synapses Are Sluggish and Slow, Then Become
Progressively Faster with Development
* II. Myelination Extends into Adulthood to Hasten Neuronal
Communication
* III. Myelinating Glia May Prevent Regeneration in the Central Nervous
System
* The Cutting Edge: A Gene that Increases Alzheimers' Risk Disrupts
Myelination
* Visual Summary
* CHAPTER 7 Accepting Mortality: Apoptosis
* 7.1. The Death of Many Cells Is a Normal Process in Development
* I. The Extent of Death among Developing Motor Neurons Is Regulated by
the Size of the Target
* RESEARCHERS AT WORK: ADDING TO THE PERIPHERY PREVENTS APOPTOSIS OF
MOTOR NEURONS
* II. Motor Neuronal Death Is Gated by Neuronal Activity
* 7.2 The Hunt for Neurotrophic Factors
* I. The Number of Sensory Neurons during Development Mirror that of
Motor Neurons
* RESEARCHERS AT WORK: Screening for Nerve Growth Factor
* II. NGF Has Both Tropic and Trophic Effects on Selective Neuronal
Populations
* III. The Search for Relatives of NGF Reveals a Family of Neurotrophic
Factors and Their Receptors
* 7.3 The Genetic Pathways of Apoptosis
* I. Studies in C. elegans Provide Crucial Information about the
Process of Apoptosis
* BOX 7.2 KERFUFFLES IN LANGUAGE: PROGRAMMED CELL DEATH
* RESEARCHERS AT WORK: It Was Suicide, Not Murder
* II. Apoptosis Involves Active Self-Destruction through a Cascade of
"Death Genes"
* III. Do Motor Neurons Die in ALS for Lack of Neurotrophic Factor(s)?
* The Cutting Edge: Trophic factors as potential therapy for ALS
* Visual Summary
* INTERLUDE: The Empiricists Strike Back
* The Tabula Rasa and the Importance of Experience through the Senses
* What Does All This Philosophy Stuff Have To Do with This Book?
* CHAPTER 8 Distant Voices: Hormonally-Guided Neural Development
* 8.1 Hormones Coordinate body-wide changes
* I. Hormones Influence Cells by Binding to Receptor Proteins
* II. Hormone Release is Regulated by the Brain
* III. Insect Stages of Growth are Guided by Two Hormones
* IV. Amphibian Metamorphosis is Controlled by Thyroid Hormones
* V. Thyroid Hormones are Crucial for Brain Development in Vertebrates
* 8.2 Sexual Differentiation of the Body and Brain
* I. Sexual Differentiation in Flies Is a Cell-Autonomous Process
* II. Hormones Direct Sexual Differentiation of the Vertebrate Body and
Behavior
* RESEARCHERS AT WORK: Early Exposure to Androgens Organizes the Male
Brain
* III. The Brain Is Also Sexually Dimorphic
* IV. Hormones Can Regulate Apoptosis to Masculinize the Vertebrate
Brain
* RESEARCHERS AT WORK: Sometimes the Tail Wags the Dog
* 8.3 Comparing the Development of Sexual Behavior in Flies and Humans
* RESEARCHERS AT WORK: Fruitless Mutants Pursue Unrequited Love
* I. The Controversy over Sexual Orientation in Flies, Rats, and People
* The Cutting Edge: Mapping Sex Differences in Gene Expression in the
Brain
* Summary
* CHAPTER 9. Expanding Your Worldview: Activity and Experience-Guided
Neural Development
* 9.1 Activity-Driven Synaptic Elimination and Plasticity
* I. Donald Hebb Speculated about Neural Plasticity
* II. Long-Term Potentiation (LTP) CONFIRMS the Existence of Hebbian
Synapses
* Researchers at Work: Cells That Fire Together Wire Together
* III. A Class of Glutamate Receptors Enforces Hebbian Rules
* BOX 9.1 Dees hippocampal LTP mediate learning?
* IV. The Brain Must Integrate Input from the Two Eyes
* V. Even Spontaneous, Apparently Random Activity Can Provide Order
* Researchers at Work: Spontaneous Waves of Retinal Activity Form
Ocular Dominance Bands in the LGN
* 9.2 Sensory Experience Guides Synaptic Rearrangement
* I. Humans Can Adapt to Seeing the World in a New Way
* II. Retinal Ganglion Cells in Adult Amphibians and Fish Can
Reestablish Connections to the Tectum
* III. Various Permutations of Retinotectal Regeneration Refute a
Strict Version of Chemoaffinity
* IV. Visual Experience Fine-Tunes Frog Retinotectal Connections
* Researchers at Work: Three-Eyed Frogs Show Us the Way
* V. Mammals Require Visual Experience during a Sensitive Period to
Develop Functional Vision
* VI. Physiological Recordings Reveal How Visual Deprivation Impairs
Sight
* Researchers at Work: Strabismus in Kittens Drastically Alters Visual
System Connections
* 9.3 Experience Guides all Developing Sensory Systems
* I. Olfactory Receptor Maps Are Also Sculpted by Experience
* II. Tactile Experience Guides the Formation of Topographic Maps in
Somatosensory Cortex
* III. The Gray Matter of Human Cortex Thins as We Mature
* THE CUTTING EDGE: Neuronal Activity Guides Cortical Myelination
* Visual Summary
* CHAPTER 10: Investing in the Next Generation: Socially Guided Neural
Development
* 10.1 Parental Care Evolved to Prolong Brain Development
* I. The Terms Instinct and Innate Are So Vague That They Are Worthless
* II. Species with Parental Behavior Develop the Most Complex Brains
and Behavior
* III. Maternal Behavior Can Regulate Gene Expression in their Young
* BOX 10.1: Kerfuffles in Language: Epigenetic
* 10.2 Social Learning Increases Fitness and Reproductive Success
* I. Many Species Look to Their Parents to Recognize Mating Partners
* II. Observational Learning Can Transmit Behaviors across Generations
* III. Birdsong Is a Learned Behavior Where Young Males Model Their
Father's Song
* Researchers at Work: Sparrows Are Predisposed to Learn
Species-Specific Song Elements
* 10.3 Social Stimulation from Peers Supplements Parental Care
* I. Humans Are Predisposed to Learn Language without Any Formal
Training
* Researchers at Work: The Habituation Response Allows Us to Read
Babies' Minds
* II. Primates Require Love to Develop Properly
* III. Postnatal Social Stimulation Continues to Affect Brain
Development
* Researchers at Work: Social Stimulation Alters Neuregulin Signaling
to Promote Myelination
* 10.4 Social Influences Shape Measures of Human Intelligence
* I. Intelligence Tests Demonstrate the Pervasive Effects of Culture
* II. The Controversial Issue of Racial Differences in Average IQ
Performance
* Researchers at Work: Does Race Affect the IQ of German Offspring of
American GIs?
* III. Is the Heritability of IQ "MIssing" or "Phantom"?
* THE CUTTING EDGE: Choosing Designer Babies?
* Visual Summary
* EPILOGUE: Immanuel Kant and the Critique of Pure Reason
* The a Priori Embodiment of Space and Time
* What Does All This Philosophy Stuff Have To Do with This Book?
* Appendix
* Glossary
* References
* Index