A groundbreaking look at how technology with a human touch is revolutionizing government and industry Human Systems Integration (HSI) is very attractive as a new integrating discipline designed to help move business and engineering cultures toward a more people-technology orientation. Over the past decade, the United States and foreign governments have developed a wide range of tools, techniques, and technologies aimed at integrating human factors into engineering systems in order to achieve important cost and performance benefits that otherwise would not have been accomplished. In order for…mehr
A groundbreaking look at how technology with a human touch is revolutionizing government and industry Human Systems Integration (HSI) is very attractive as a new integrating discipline designed to help move business and engineering cultures toward a more people-technology orientation. Over the past decade, the United States and foreign governments have developed a wide range of tools, techniques, and technologies aimed at integrating human factors into engineering systems in order to achieve important cost and performance benefits that otherwise would not have been accomplished. In order for this new discipline to be effective, however, a cultural change is needed that must start with organizational leadership. Handbook of Human Systems Integration outlines the principles and methods that can be used to help integrate people, technology, and organizations with a common objective toward designing, developing, and operating systems effectively and efficiently. Handbook of Human Systems Integration is broad in scope, covering both public and commercial processes as they interface with systems engineering processes. Emphasizing the importance of management and organization concepts as well as the technical uniqueness of HSI, Handbook of Human Systems Integration features: * More than ninety contributors, technical advisors, and reviewers from government, industry, and academia * Comprehensive coverage of the most recent HSI developments, particularly in presenting the cutting-edge tools, techniques, and methodologies utilized by each of the HSI domains * Chapters representing the governments and industries of the United Kingdom and Canada * Contributions from three services of the Department of Defense along with the Federal Aviation Administration and the National Academy of Sciences * Many chapters covering both military and nonmilitary applications * Concepts widely used by government contractors both in the United States and abroad This book will be of special interest to HSI practitioners, systems engineers, and managers, as well as government and industry decision-makers who must weigh the recommendations of all multidisciplines contributing to systems performance, safety, and costs in order to make sound systems acquisition decisions.Hinweis: Dieser Artikel kann nur an eine deutsche Lieferadresse ausgeliefert werden.
HAROLD R. BOOHER, PhD, is a consultant on human systems integration and MANPRINT applications to systems design, development, and assessment. Dr. Booher was the first Senior Executive (SES) Director of MANPRINT for the Department of the Army and is Editor of MANPRINT: An Approach to Systems Intergration. He has more than thirty-five years? experience in human factors and engineering in government, industry, and academic applications, and is a Fellow of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society.
Inhaltsangabe
Foreword xiii Preface xv Contributors xix Technical Advisors and Reviewers xxv Chapter 1. Introduction: Human Systems Integration 1 Harold R. Booher 1.1 Background 1 1.2 HSI Concept 4 1.3 Sociotechnical Systems Complexity 9 1.4 HSI Unique Aspects 11 1.5 Ten HSI Principles 12 1.6 HSI Principles Applied to Systems Acquisition 18 1.7 HSI Organizational Maturity 21 1.8 Discussion and Summary 23 1.9 Book Overview 27 Part 1 Organization, Management, and Culture 31 Chapter 2. Leadership That Achieves Human Systems Integration 33 Charles S. Harris Betty K. Hart Joyce Shields 2.1 Introduction: Beyond Reductionism 33 2.2 Importance of Culture 34 2.3 Leadership Matters 37 2.4 Transformational Change Model 39 2.5 Phase 1: Decide to Change 39 2.6 Phase 2: Guide Change 45 2.7 Phase 3: Support Change 49 2.8 Phase 4: Sustain Change 54 2.9 Overcoming Challenges to Change 58 2.10 Conclusion 59 Chapter 3. Human Systems Integration Roles in a Systems Acquisition Culture 63 Glen Hewitt Dino Piccione 3.1 Introduction 63 3.2 Common Cultural Influences 66 3.3 Historical Perspective of Culture 73 3.4 Changing Acquisition Culture 80 3.5 Trends for the Future of HSI 85 3.6 HSI Cultural Myths versus Realities 86 3.7 Roles and Responsibilities 90 3.8 Summary and Conclusions 90 Appendix: HSI Roles and Responsibilities 92 Chapter 4. Human Systems Integration and Systems Acquisition Interfaces 101 Edwin R. Smootz 4.1 Introduction 101 4.2 Systems Acquisition Processes 102 4.3 Presystems Acquisition 108 4.4 Systems Acquisition 112 4.5 Sustainment 117 4.6 Conclusion 117 Chapter 5. Human Systems Integration Education and Training 121 Brian M. Kleiner Harold R. Booher 5.1 Introduction 121 5.2 HSI Competencies Needed 122 5.3 Academic Education 126 5.4 Textbooks 140 5.5 HSI Training Courses 147 5.6 HSI Careers 149 5.7 HSI Professional Personnel Supply 157 5.8 Summary and Conclusions 160 Part II Systems Acquisition and Management Processes 165 Chapter 6. Human Systems Integration Requirements in Systems Acquisition 167 John A. Harrison Melanie J. Forster 6.1 Introduction 167 6.2 Human Systems Integration in Requirements 169 6.3 Human Systems Integration Requirements Issues 177 6.4 United Kingdom HFI Process 189 6.5 Summary and Conclusions 198 Chapter 7. Human Systems Integration and Acquisition: Contractor's Perspective 201 Bruce E. Hamilton 7.1 Introduction 201 7.2 Stages of Procurement Activity 202 7.3 Principal Documentation Events of Acquisition 219 7.4 HSI Program Management Guidelines 225 7.5 Summary 230 Chapter 8. Human System Measurements and Trade-offs in System Design 233 Michael Barnes David Beevis 8.1 Introduction 233 8.2 Human System Measurement 233 8.3 General Measurement Model for HSI 238 8.4 Analytical and Modeling Techniques Early in Design Process 244 8.5 Human Performance Experimentation 246 8.6 Modeling and Simulation 248 8.7 Interactions among HSI Domains 253 8.8 Future Trends 258 8.9 Summary and Conclusion 259 Chapter 9. Simulation-Based Acquisition 265 Stephen R. Olson Andrew P. Sage 9.1 Introduction 265 9.2 Objectives for SBA 269 9.3 Simulation-Based Acquisition: Structure, Function, and Purpose 273 9.4 An SBA Approach to Human Systems Integration 277 9.5 SBA Quality Assurance Questions 287 9.6 Conclusion 290 Chapter 10. User-Centered Systems Engineering Framework 295 Lee Scott Ehrhart Andrew P. Sage 10.1 Introduction 295 10.2 Models for HSI 301 10.3 System Definition 302 10.4 System Requirements 305 10.5 System Conceptual and Architectural Design 338 10.6 Prototyping and Implementation 355 10.7 System Evaluation 360 10.8 Summary and Conclusions 365 Part III Methods, Tools and Technologies 375 Chapter 11. Manpower, Personnel, and Training Integration Methods and Tools 379 Susan Archer Donald Headley Laurel Allender 11.1 Introduction: Workforce Challenges 379 11.2 Manpower, Personnel and Training Domains 382 11.3 MPT Systems Integration Tools 399 11.4 Commercial Applications 419 11.5 Conclusion: Challenges for MPT Integration Technologies 424 Chapter 12. Integrating Training into the Design and Operation of Complex Systems 433 Lawrence J. Hettinger 12.1 Introduction 433 12.2 Traditional Training Model 436 12.3 HSI Training Model 439 12.4 Issues and Challenges 447 12.5 Conclusions and Recommendations 456 Chapter 13. Human Factors Engineering Methods and Tools 463 John Lockett Jeffrey Powers 13.1 Introduction 463 13.2 Human Factors Engineering Methods 464 13.3 HFE Tools and Technologies 474 13.4 Selecting Tools and Technologies 480 13.5 Planning for Analysis 482 13.6 Common Errors in Performing HFE 487 13.7 Benefits of Modeling for HFE 492 13.8 Summary 493 Chapter 14. System Safety Principles and Methods 497 Donald W. Swallom Robert M. Lindberg Tonya L. Smith-Jackson 14.1 Introduction 497 14.2 Risk Assessment Model 501 14.3 System Safety Methods and Techniques 507 14.4 System Safety Process 525 14.5 Conclusion 536 Chapter 15. Environmental Health Hazard Analysis and Assessment 541 Welford C. Roberts 15.1 Introduction 541 15.2 Health Hazard Categories 545 15.3 Tools and Techniques 561 15.4 Health Hazard Assessment Expertise 576 15.5 Health Hazard Analysis Process 579 15.6 Tools That Support the Overall Health Hazard Assessment Process 581 15.7 Summary 584 Chapter 16. Personnel Survivability Methodology 595 Richard N. Zigler Ronald A. Weiss 16.1 Introduction 595 16.2 Parameter Assessment List 597 16.3 Survivability Analysis Process 598 16.4 Personnel Survivability Components 600 16.5 Some ''Less-than-Obvious'' Examples 622 16.6 Casualty Assessment Tools 624 16.7 Summary and Conclusions 627 Chapter 17. Cost-Benefit Analysis for Human Systems Integration 631 William B. Rouse Kenneth R. Boff 17.1 Introduction 631 17.2 Cost-Benefit Frameworks 633 17.3 Cost-Benefit Methodology 641 17.4 Three Examples 645 17.5 Conclusions 655 Part IV Applications 659 Chapter 18. Human Systems Integration in Army Systems Acquisition 663 Harold R. Booher James Minninger 18.1 Background 663 18.2 HSI System Success Factors 664 18.3 HSI Factors: Examples from Army Systems 665 18.4 Case Studies of System Benefits 677 18.5 HSI Factors and Future Weapons Systems Acquisition 690 18.6 Summary and Conclusions 695 Chapter 19. Human Characteristics and Measures in Systems Design 699 Nita Lewis Miller J. Jeffrey Crowson, Jr. Jennifer McGovern Narkevicius 19.1 Introduction 699 19.2 Human Traits: Characteristics of Users 702 19.3 Human States: Operational and Environmental Variations 712 19.4 Human Systems Interfaces 724 19.5 Case Study 732 19.6 Summary and Conclusions 734 Chapter 20. Human-Centered Shipboard Systems and Operations 743 Glenn A. Osga 20.1 Background 743 20.2 Task-Centered Approach 746 20.3 Task Coverage Requirements 750 20.4 Human Support Task Requirements 755 20.5 Dynamic Task Requirements 762 20.6 Design by Task Requirements 771 20.7 Special Design Qualities 778 20.8 Benefits of Task-Centered Design 784 20.9 Summary and Conclusions 789 Chapter 21. Linking Human Performance Principles to Design of Information Systems 795 Linda G. Pierce Eduardo Salas 21.1 Background 795 21.2 Human Performance Issues 799 21.3 Human Performance Concepts and Principles 805 21.4 Guidelines and Tools for System Designers 811 21.5 Conclusion 821 Chapter 22. Human Systems Integration and Training for New Systems 829 John Klesch William Stembler 22.1 Introduction 829 22.2 HSI Training Technology Applications 832 22.3 Training Requirements and IMI 835 22.4 HSI Applied to Training Development Process 845 22.5 Summary and Conclusions 857 Chapter 23. Air Traffic Control and Human Factors Integration 861 Anne Mavor Christopher Wickens 23.1 Introduction 861 23.2 HFI in the Development of an Automated ATC System 864 23.3 Harmonization of Multiple Systems 870 23.4 National Airspace System: An Organizational HFI Example 871 23.5 Conclusion 873 Chapter 24. Human Systems Integration and New Product Development 877 William B. Rouse 24.1 Introduction 877 24.2 Private versus Public Development 879 24.3 Product Management Processes 884 24.4 Methods and Tools 888 24.5 Best Practices 895 24.6 Conclusions 900 Afterword 905 Appendix 923 Author Index 929 Subject Index 945
Foreword xiii Preface xv Contributors xix Technical Advisors and Reviewers xxv Chapter 1. Introduction: Human Systems Integration 1 Harold R. Booher 1.1 Background 1 1.2 HSI Concept 4 1.3 Sociotechnical Systems Complexity 9 1.4 HSI Unique Aspects 11 1.5 Ten HSI Principles 12 1.6 HSI Principles Applied to Systems Acquisition 18 1.7 HSI Organizational Maturity 21 1.8 Discussion and Summary 23 1.9 Book Overview 27 Part 1 Organization, Management, and Culture 31 Chapter 2. Leadership That Achieves Human Systems Integration 33 Charles S. Harris Betty K. Hart Joyce Shields 2.1 Introduction: Beyond Reductionism 33 2.2 Importance of Culture 34 2.3 Leadership Matters 37 2.4 Transformational Change Model 39 2.5 Phase 1: Decide to Change 39 2.6 Phase 2: Guide Change 45 2.7 Phase 3: Support Change 49 2.8 Phase 4: Sustain Change 54 2.9 Overcoming Challenges to Change 58 2.10 Conclusion 59 Chapter 3. Human Systems Integration Roles in a Systems Acquisition Culture 63 Glen Hewitt Dino Piccione 3.1 Introduction 63 3.2 Common Cultural Influences 66 3.3 Historical Perspective of Culture 73 3.4 Changing Acquisition Culture 80 3.5 Trends for the Future of HSI 85 3.6 HSI Cultural Myths versus Realities 86 3.7 Roles and Responsibilities 90 3.8 Summary and Conclusions 90 Appendix: HSI Roles and Responsibilities 92 Chapter 4. Human Systems Integration and Systems Acquisition Interfaces 101 Edwin R. Smootz 4.1 Introduction 101 4.2 Systems Acquisition Processes 102 4.3 Presystems Acquisition 108 4.4 Systems Acquisition 112 4.5 Sustainment 117 4.6 Conclusion 117 Chapter 5. Human Systems Integration Education and Training 121 Brian M. Kleiner Harold R. Booher 5.1 Introduction 121 5.2 HSI Competencies Needed 122 5.3 Academic Education 126 5.4 Textbooks 140 5.5 HSI Training Courses 147 5.6 HSI Careers 149 5.7 HSI Professional Personnel Supply 157 5.8 Summary and Conclusions 160 Part II Systems Acquisition and Management Processes 165 Chapter 6. Human Systems Integration Requirements in Systems Acquisition 167 John A. Harrison Melanie J. Forster 6.1 Introduction 167 6.2 Human Systems Integration in Requirements 169 6.3 Human Systems Integration Requirements Issues 177 6.4 United Kingdom HFI Process 189 6.5 Summary and Conclusions 198 Chapter 7. Human Systems Integration and Acquisition: Contractor's Perspective 201 Bruce E. Hamilton 7.1 Introduction 201 7.2 Stages of Procurement Activity 202 7.3 Principal Documentation Events of Acquisition 219 7.4 HSI Program Management Guidelines 225 7.5 Summary 230 Chapter 8. Human System Measurements and Trade-offs in System Design 233 Michael Barnes David Beevis 8.1 Introduction 233 8.2 Human System Measurement 233 8.3 General Measurement Model for HSI 238 8.4 Analytical and Modeling Techniques Early in Design Process 244 8.5 Human Performance Experimentation 246 8.6 Modeling and Simulation 248 8.7 Interactions among HSI Domains 253 8.8 Future Trends 258 8.9 Summary and Conclusion 259 Chapter 9. Simulation-Based Acquisition 265 Stephen R. Olson Andrew P. Sage 9.1 Introduction 265 9.2 Objectives for SBA 269 9.3 Simulation-Based Acquisition: Structure, Function, and Purpose 273 9.4 An SBA Approach to Human Systems Integration 277 9.5 SBA Quality Assurance Questions 287 9.6 Conclusion 290 Chapter 10. User-Centered Systems Engineering Framework 295 Lee Scott Ehrhart Andrew P. Sage 10.1 Introduction 295 10.2 Models for HSI 301 10.3 System Definition 302 10.4 System Requirements 305 10.5 System Conceptual and Architectural Design 338 10.6 Prototyping and Implementation 355 10.7 System Evaluation 360 10.8 Summary and Conclusions 365 Part III Methods, Tools and Technologies 375 Chapter 11. Manpower, Personnel, and Training Integration Methods and Tools 379 Susan Archer Donald Headley Laurel Allender 11.1 Introduction: Workforce Challenges 379 11.2 Manpower, Personnel and Training Domains 382 11.3 MPT Systems Integration Tools 399 11.4 Commercial Applications 419 11.5 Conclusion: Challenges for MPT Integration Technologies 424 Chapter 12. Integrating Training into the Design and Operation of Complex Systems 433 Lawrence J. Hettinger 12.1 Introduction 433 12.2 Traditional Training Model 436 12.3 HSI Training Model 439 12.4 Issues and Challenges 447 12.5 Conclusions and Recommendations 456 Chapter 13. Human Factors Engineering Methods and Tools 463 John Lockett Jeffrey Powers 13.1 Introduction 463 13.2 Human Factors Engineering Methods 464 13.3 HFE Tools and Technologies 474 13.4 Selecting Tools and Technologies 480 13.5 Planning for Analysis 482 13.6 Common Errors in Performing HFE 487 13.7 Benefits of Modeling for HFE 492 13.8 Summary 493 Chapter 14. System Safety Principles and Methods 497 Donald W. Swallom Robert M. Lindberg Tonya L. Smith-Jackson 14.1 Introduction 497 14.2 Risk Assessment Model 501 14.3 System Safety Methods and Techniques 507 14.4 System Safety Process 525 14.5 Conclusion 536 Chapter 15. Environmental Health Hazard Analysis and Assessment 541 Welford C. Roberts 15.1 Introduction 541 15.2 Health Hazard Categories 545 15.3 Tools and Techniques 561 15.4 Health Hazard Assessment Expertise 576 15.5 Health Hazard Analysis Process 579 15.6 Tools That Support the Overall Health Hazard Assessment Process 581 15.7 Summary 584 Chapter 16. Personnel Survivability Methodology 595 Richard N. Zigler Ronald A. Weiss 16.1 Introduction 595 16.2 Parameter Assessment List 597 16.3 Survivability Analysis Process 598 16.4 Personnel Survivability Components 600 16.5 Some ''Less-than-Obvious'' Examples 622 16.6 Casualty Assessment Tools 624 16.7 Summary and Conclusions 627 Chapter 17. Cost-Benefit Analysis for Human Systems Integration 631 William B. Rouse Kenneth R. Boff 17.1 Introduction 631 17.2 Cost-Benefit Frameworks 633 17.3 Cost-Benefit Methodology 641 17.4 Three Examples 645 17.5 Conclusions 655 Part IV Applications 659 Chapter 18. Human Systems Integration in Army Systems Acquisition 663 Harold R. Booher James Minninger 18.1 Background 663 18.2 HSI System Success Factors 664 18.3 HSI Factors: Examples from Army Systems 665 18.4 Case Studies of System Benefits 677 18.5 HSI Factors and Future Weapons Systems Acquisition 690 18.6 Summary and Conclusions 695 Chapter 19. Human Characteristics and Measures in Systems Design 699 Nita Lewis Miller J. Jeffrey Crowson, Jr. Jennifer McGovern Narkevicius 19.1 Introduction 699 19.2 Human Traits: Characteristics of Users 702 19.3 Human States: Operational and Environmental Variations 712 19.4 Human Systems Interfaces 724 19.5 Case Study 732 19.6 Summary and Conclusions 734 Chapter 20. Human-Centered Shipboard Systems and Operations 743 Glenn A. Osga 20.1 Background 743 20.2 Task-Centered Approach 746 20.3 Task Coverage Requirements 750 20.4 Human Support Task Requirements 755 20.5 Dynamic Task Requirements 762 20.6 Design by Task Requirements 771 20.7 Special Design Qualities 778 20.8 Benefits of Task-Centered Design 784 20.9 Summary and Conclusions 789 Chapter 21. Linking Human Performance Principles to Design of Information Systems 795 Linda G. Pierce Eduardo Salas 21.1 Background 795 21.2 Human Performance Issues 799 21.3 Human Performance Concepts and Principles 805 21.4 Guidelines and Tools for System Designers 811 21.5 Conclusion 821 Chapter 22. Human Systems Integration and Training for New Systems 829 John Klesch William Stembler 22.1 Introduction 829 22.2 HSI Training Technology Applications 832 22.3 Training Requirements and IMI 835 22.4 HSI Applied to Training Development Process 845 22.5 Summary and Conclusions 857 Chapter 23. Air Traffic Control and Human Factors Integration 861 Anne Mavor Christopher Wickens 23.1 Introduction 861 23.2 HFI in the Development of an Automated ATC System 864 23.3 Harmonization of Multiple Systems 870 23.4 National Airspace System: An Organizational HFI Example 871 23.5 Conclusion 873 Chapter 24. Human Systems Integration and New Product Development 877 William B. Rouse 24.1 Introduction 877 24.2 Private versus Public Development 879 24.3 Product Management Processes 884 24.4 Methods and Tools 888 24.5 Best Practices 895 24.6 Conclusions 900 Afterword 905 Appendix 923 Author Index 929 Subject Index 945
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