Top 100 Books on Science, American Scientist, 2001 In 1992, the University of Texas Press published Before Writing, Volume I: From Counting to Cuneiform and Before Writing, Volume II: A Catalog of Near Eastern Tokens. In these two volumes, Denise Schmandt-Besserat set forth her groundbreaking theory that the cuneiform script invented in the Near East in the late fourth millennium B.C.-the world's oldest known system of writing-derived from an archaic counting device. How Writing Came About draws material from both volumes to present Schmandt-Besserat's theory for a wide public and classroom…mehr
Top 100 Books on Science, American Scientist, 2001 In 1992, the University of Texas Press published Before Writing, Volume I: From Counting to Cuneiform and Before Writing, Volume II: A Catalog of Near Eastern Tokens. In these two volumes, Denise Schmandt-Besserat set forth her groundbreaking theory that the cuneiform script invented in the Near East in the late fourth millennium B.C.-the world's oldest known system of writing-derived from an archaic counting device. How Writing Came About draws material from both volumes to present Schmandt-Besserat's theory for a wide public and classroom audience. Based on the analysis and interpretation of a selection of 8,000 tokens or counters from 116 sites in Iran, Iraq, the Levant, and Turkey, it documents the immediate precursor of the cuneiform script.
1. Preface 2. Introduction: Tokens, a New Theory * The Myths * The Pictographic Theory * Tokens 3. Part One: The Evidence 4. 1. What Are Tokens? * Types and Subtypes * Evolution from Plain to Complex Materials * Manufacture * The Token Collection under Study 5. 2. Where Tokens Were Handled and Who Used Them * Types of Settlements * Distribution within Settlements * Structures * Token Clusters * Containers Holding Tokens * Associated Assemblages * Tokens as Funerary Offerings 6. 3.Strings of Tokens and Envelopes * Strings of Tokens * Envelopes 7. 4. Impressed Tablets * Number * Context * Chronology * Description * The Signs * Beyond the Impressed Tablets: Pictography * The Meaning of Signs and Their Corresponding Tokens * The Place of Impressed Tablets in the Evolution of Writing 8. Part Two: The Interpretation 9. 5. The Evolution of Symbols in Prehistory * Symbols and Signs * Lower and Middle Paleolithic Symbols * Upper Paleolithic and Mesolithic Symbols * Neolithic Symbols * A Turning Point in Communication and Data Storage 10. 6. Tokens: The Socioeconomic Implications * Reckoning Technology and Economy * Reckoning Technology and Social Organization 11. 7. Counting and the Emergence of Writing * The Various Modes of Counting * The Sumerian Philological Evidence * The Near Eastern Archaeological Data 12. 8. Conclusions: Tokens, Their Role in Prehistory and Their Contribution to Archaeology * Economy * Political Structure * Mathematics * Communication 13. Part Three: The Artifacts * Cones * Spheres * Disks * Cylinders * Tetrahedrons * Ovoids * Quadrangles * Triangles * Biconoids * Paraboloids * Bent Coils * Ovals/Rhomboids * Vessels * Tools * Animals * Miscellaneous 14. Notes 15. Glossary 16. Index
1. Preface 2. Introduction: Tokens, a New Theory * The Myths * The Pictographic Theory * Tokens 3. Part One: The Evidence 4. 1. What Are Tokens? * Types and Subtypes * Evolution from Plain to Complex Materials * Manufacture * The Token Collection under Study 5. 2. Where Tokens Were Handled and Who Used Them * Types of Settlements * Distribution within Settlements * Structures * Token Clusters * Containers Holding Tokens * Associated Assemblages * Tokens as Funerary Offerings 6. 3.Strings of Tokens and Envelopes * Strings of Tokens * Envelopes 7. 4. Impressed Tablets * Number * Context * Chronology * Description * The Signs * Beyond the Impressed Tablets: Pictography * The Meaning of Signs and Their Corresponding Tokens * The Place of Impressed Tablets in the Evolution of Writing 8. Part Two: The Interpretation 9. 5. The Evolution of Symbols in Prehistory * Symbols and Signs * Lower and Middle Paleolithic Symbols * Upper Paleolithic and Mesolithic Symbols * Neolithic Symbols * A Turning Point in Communication and Data Storage 10. 6. Tokens: The Socioeconomic Implications * Reckoning Technology and Economy * Reckoning Technology and Social Organization 11. 7. Counting and the Emergence of Writing * The Various Modes of Counting * The Sumerian Philological Evidence * The Near Eastern Archaeological Data 12. 8. Conclusions: Tokens, Their Role in Prehistory and Their Contribution to Archaeology * Economy * Political Structure * Mathematics * Communication 13. Part Three: The Artifacts * Cones * Spheres * Disks * Cylinders * Tetrahedrons * Ovoids * Quadrangles * Triangles * Biconoids * Paraboloids * Bent Coils * Ovals/Rhomboids * Vessels * Tools * Animals * Miscellaneous 14. Notes 15. Glossary 16. Index
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