Introduction to all types of hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs), with coverage of fundamentals, applications, and the latest industry technologies Hybrid Electric Vehicles: Principles and Applications with Practical Perspectives provides an introduction to hybrid vehicles, from hybrid-electric, hybrid-hydraulic, and plug-in hybrid-electric vehicles to fuel-cell vehicles and off-road hybrid vehicular systems. The book focuses on the propulsion systems for these vehicles, including issues related to power and energy management. Other topics covered include hybrid vs. pure electric, hybrid electric…mehr
Introduction to all types of hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs), with coverage of fundamentals, applications, and the latest industry technologies Hybrid Electric Vehicles: Principles and Applications with Practical Perspectives provides an introduction to hybrid vehicles, from hybrid-electric, hybrid-hydraulic, and plug-in hybrid-electric vehicles to fuel-cell vehicles and off-road hybrid vehicular systems. The book focuses on the propulsion systems for these vehicles, including issues related to power and energy management. Other topics covered include hybrid vs. pure electric, hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) system architecture (including plug-in, charging control, and hydraulic), safety and EMC, storage technologies, vehicular power and energy management, diagnostics and prognostics, and electromechanical vibration issues. This Third Edition has been updated to address the latest industry trends and technologies impacting HEVs, such as more detailed discussions on planetary gear, synchronous reluctance motors, fast-charging methods for batteries, and matters pertaining to cybersecurity in vehicles. The latest HEV industry data and examples highlighting automakers' current HEV models are featured throughout the book. Topics discussed in Hybrid Electric Vehicles: Principles and Applications with Practical Perspectives include: * Specific state-of-the-art HEVs including the Toyota Prius, the Honda Civic, and the Ford Escape, with additional coverage of two-mode hybrid vehicles * HEV fundamentals, covering performance, powertrain component sizing, gradability requirements, and selection of gear ratios * Cold start emissions reduction and cold/hot weather performance enhancement * Electric and hybrid ships, aircraft, and locomotives, with discussion on industrial utilization of other types of vehicles * Military applications of HEVs, covering ruggedness issues, dismounted soldier applications, and electromagnetic launchers * Fast charging of batteries in electrified vehicles * Cybersecurity issues in electrified vehicles Hybrid Electric Vehicles: Principles and Applications with Practical Perspectives is an essential up-to-date reference on the subject for engineers working in the automotive industry, including at automakers, vehicle OEMs, and component suppliers, as well as students and instructors in upper-level undergraduate or graduate courses related to HEVs and electric propulsion.
Chris Mi, PhD, is a Fellow of the IEEE and SAE, a Distinguished Professor of Electrical and Computer Engineering, and the Director of the US DOE-funded GATE Center for Electric Drive Transportation at San Diego State University, San Diego. M. Abul Masrur, PhD, is a Life Fellow of the IEEE, an Adjunct Professor at the University of Detroit Mercy, and Adjunct Faculty at the University of Michigan-Dearborn, where he has been teaching courses including Advanced Electric and Hybrid Vehicles, Vehicular Power Systems, Electric Drives, and Power Electronics since around 2003.
Inhaltsangabe
About the Authors xv Preface to the First Edition xvii Preface to the Second Edition xix Preface to the Third Edition xxi 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Sustainable Transportation 2 1.2 A Brief History of HEVs 8 1.3 Why EVs Emerged and Failed in the 1990s, and What We Can Learn 9 1.4 Architectures of HEVs 11 1.5 Interdisciplinary Nature of HEVs 16 1.6 State of the Art of HEVs 17 1.7 Challenges and Key Technology of HEVs 25 1.8 The Invisible Hand-Government Support 26 1.9 Latest Development in EV and HEV, China's Surge in EV Sales 28 References 29 2 Concept of Hybridization of the Automobile 31 2.1 Vehicle Basics 31 2.2 Basics of the EV 35 2.3 Basics of the HEV 38 2.4 Basics of PHEV 40 2.5 Basics of FCVs 41 Reference 42 3 HEVFundamentals 43 3.1 Introduction 43 3.2 Vehicle Model 44 3.3 Vehicle Performance 46 3.4 EV Powertrain Component Sizing 49 3.5 Series Hybrid Vehicle 52 3.6 Parallel Hybrid Vehicle 57 3.7 Wheel Slip Dynamics 65 References 67 4 Advanced HEV Architectures and Dynamics of HEV Powertrain 69 4.1 Principle of Planetary Gears 69 4.2 Toyota Prius and Ford Escape Hybrid Powertrain 74 4.3 GM Two-mode Hybrid Transmission 77 4.4 Dual-clutch Hybrid Transmissions 84 4.5 Hybrid Transmission Proposed by Zhang et al. 89 4.6 Renault IVT Hybrid Transmission 91 4.7 Timken Two-mode Hybrid Transmission 92 4.8 Tsai's Hybrid Transmission 95 4.9 Hybrid Transmission with Both Speed and Torque Coupling Mechanism 97 4.10 Toyota Highlander and Lexus Hybrid, E-four-wheel Drive 98 4.11 CAMRY Hybrid 100 4.12 Chevy Volt Powertrain 100 4.13 Nonideal Gears in the Planetary System 102 4.14 Dynamics of the Transmission 103 4.15 Conclusions 104 References 104 5 Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles 107 5.1 Introduction to PHEVs 107 5.2 PHEV Architectures 110 5.3 Equivalent Electric Range of Blended PHEVs 111 5.4 Fuel Economy of PHEVs 112 5.5 Power Management of PHEVs 115 5.6 PHEV Design and Component Sizing 117 5.7 Component Sizing of EREVs 117 5.8 Component Sizing of Blended PHEVs 118 5.9 HEV to PHEV Conversions 118 5.10 Other Topics on PHEVs 121 5.11 Vehicle-to-grid Technology 124 5.12 Conclusion 135 References 135 6 Special Hybrid Vehicles 137 6.1 Hydraulic Hybrid Vehicles 137 6.2 Off-road HEVs 141 6.3 Diesel HEVs 155 6.4 Electric or Hybrid Ships, Aircraft, and Locomotives 156 6.5 Other Industrial Utility Application Vehicles 166 References 166 Further Readings 167 7 HEV Applications for Military Vehicles 169 7.1 Why HEVs Can Be Beneficial for Military Applications 169 7.2 Ground Vehicle Applications 170 7.3 Nonground-vehicle Military Applications 174 7.4 Ruggedness Issues 178 References 180 Further Readings 180 8 Diagnostics, Prognostics, Reliability, EMC, and Other Topics Related to HEVs 181 8.1 Diagnostics and Prognostics in HEVs and EVs 181 8.2 Reliability of HEVs 187 8.3 EMC Issues 198 8.4 NVH, Electromechanical, and Other Issues 200 8.5 End-of-life Issues 202 References 203 Further Readings 204 9 Power Electronics in HEVs 205 9.1 Introduction 205 9.2 Principles of Power Electronics 206 9.3 Rectifiers Used in HEVs 208 9.4 Buck Converter Used in HEVs 215 9.5 Nonisolated Bidirectional DC-DC Converter 216 9.6 Voltage Source Inverter 222 9.7 Current Source Inverter 222 9.8 Isolated Bidirectional DC-DC Converter 224 9.9 PWM Rectifier in HEVs 234 9.10 EV and PHEV Battery Chargers 235 9.11 Modeling and Simulation of HEV Power Electronics 243 9.12 Emerging Power Electronic Devices 245 9.13 Circuit Packaging 245 9.14 Thermal Management of HEV Power Electronics 246 9.15 Conclusions 248 References 248 10 Electric Machines and Drives in HEVs 251 10.1 Introduction 251 10.2 Induction Motor Drives 251 10.3 PM Motor Drives 277 10.4 Switched Reluctance Motors 296 10.5 Doubly Salient Permanent Magnet Machines 299 10.6 Design and Sizing of Traction Motors 302 10.7 Thermal Analysis and Modeling of Traction Motors 304 10.8 Conclusions 310 References 310 11 Electric Energy Sources and Storage Devices 321 11.1 Introduction 321 11.2 Characterization of Batteries 322 11.3 Comparison of Energy Storage Technologies 341 11.4 Ultracapacitors 342 11.5 Electric Circuit Model for Batteries and Ultracapacitors 343 11.6 Flywheel ESS 347 11.7 Fuel Cell-based Hybrid Vehicular Systems 349 11.8 Summary and Discussion 353 References 354 Further Reading 354 12 Battery Modeling 357 12.1 Introduction 357 12.2 Modeling of Nickel Metal Hydride (NiMH) Battery 357 12.3 Modeling of Lithium-Ion (Li-Ion) Battery 359 12.4 Parameter Estimation for Battery Models 360 12.5 Example Case of Using Battery Model in an EV System 362 12.6 Summary and Observations on Modeling and Simulation for Batteries 366 References 368 Further Readings 368 13 EV and PHEV Battery Charger Design 371 13.1 Introduction 371 13.2 Main Features of the LLC Resonant Charger 373 13.3 Design Considerations for an LLC Converter for a PHEV Battery Charger 378 13.4 Charging Trajectory Design 381 13.5 Design Procedures 386 13.6 Experimental Results 388 13.7 Fast Charging of Electric Vehicles 392 13.8 Conclusions 395 References 395 14 Modeling and Simulation of Electric and Hybrid Vehicles 399 14.1 Introduction 399 14.2 Fundamentals of Vehicle System Modeling 400 14.3 HEV Modeling Using ADVISOR 402 14.4 HEV Modeling Using PSAT 405 14.5 Physics-based Modeling 406 14.6 Bond Graph and Other Modeling Techniques 413 14.7 Consideration of Numerical Integration Methods 416 14.8 Conclusion 417 References 417 15 HEV Component Sizing and Design Optimization 421 15.1 Introduction 421 15.2 Global Optimization Algorithms for HEV Design 422 15.3 Model-in-the-loop Design Optimization Process 433 15.4 Parallel HEV Design Optimization Example 434 15.5 Series HEV Design Optimization Example 439 15.6 Conclusion 445 References 446 16 Wireless Power Transfer for Electric Vehicle Applications 449 16.1 Introduction 449 16.2 Fundamental Theory 451 16.3 Magnetic Coupler Design 456 16.4 Compensation Network 460 16.5 Power Electronics Converters and Power Control 462 16.6 Methods of Study 463 16.7 Additional Discussion 465 16.8 A Double-sided LCC Compensation Topology and its Parameter Design 468 16.9 An LCLC-based Wireless Charger Using Capacitive Power Transfer Principle 489 16.10 Summary 496 References 496 17 Vehicular Power Control Strategy and Energy Management 505 17.1 A Generic Framework, Definition, and Needs 505 17.2 Methodology to Implement 507 17.3 Benefits of Energy Management 519 References 519 Further Reading 520 18 Commercialization and Standardization of HEV Technology and Future Transportation 521 18.1 What Is Commercialization and Why Is It Important for HEVs? 521 18.2 Advantages, Disadvantages, and Enablers of Commercialization 521 18.3 Standardization and Commercialization 522 18.4 Commercialization Issues and Effects on Various Types of Vehicles 523 18.5 Commercialization of HEVs for Trucks and Off-road Applications 524 18.6 Commercialization and Future of HEVs and Transportation 524 Further Readings 525 19 A Holistic Perspective on Vehicle Electrification 527 19.1 Vehicle Electrification - What Does it Involve? 527 19.2 To What Extent Should Vehicles Be Electrified? 527 19.3 What Other Industries Are Involved or Affected in Vehicle Electrification? 529 19.4 Latest Technologies and Their Impact on Vehicular Electrification 529 19.5 A More Complete Picture Toward Vehicle Electrification 531 19.6 The Ultimate Issue: To Electrify Vehicles or Not? 534 Further Readings 535 Index 537
About the Authors xv Preface to the First Edition xvii Preface to the Second Edition xix Preface to the Third Edition xxi 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Sustainable Transportation 2 1.2 A Brief History of HEVs 8 1.3 Why EVs Emerged and Failed in the 1990s, and What We Can Learn 9 1.4 Architectures of HEVs 11 1.5 Interdisciplinary Nature of HEVs 16 1.6 State of the Art of HEVs 17 1.7 Challenges and Key Technology of HEVs 25 1.8 The Invisible Hand-Government Support 26 1.9 Latest Development in EV and HEV, China's Surge in EV Sales 28 References 29 2 Concept of Hybridization of the Automobile 31 2.1 Vehicle Basics 31 2.2 Basics of the EV 35 2.3 Basics of the HEV 38 2.4 Basics of PHEV 40 2.5 Basics of FCVs 41 Reference 42 3 HEVFundamentals 43 3.1 Introduction 43 3.2 Vehicle Model 44 3.3 Vehicle Performance 46 3.4 EV Powertrain Component Sizing 49 3.5 Series Hybrid Vehicle 52 3.6 Parallel Hybrid Vehicle 57 3.7 Wheel Slip Dynamics 65 References 67 4 Advanced HEV Architectures and Dynamics of HEV Powertrain 69 4.1 Principle of Planetary Gears 69 4.2 Toyota Prius and Ford Escape Hybrid Powertrain 74 4.3 GM Two-mode Hybrid Transmission 77 4.4 Dual-clutch Hybrid Transmissions 84 4.5 Hybrid Transmission Proposed by Zhang et al. 89 4.6 Renault IVT Hybrid Transmission 91 4.7 Timken Two-mode Hybrid Transmission 92 4.8 Tsai's Hybrid Transmission 95 4.9 Hybrid Transmission with Both Speed and Torque Coupling Mechanism 97 4.10 Toyota Highlander and Lexus Hybrid, E-four-wheel Drive 98 4.11 CAMRY Hybrid 100 4.12 Chevy Volt Powertrain 100 4.13 Nonideal Gears in the Planetary System 102 4.14 Dynamics of the Transmission 103 4.15 Conclusions 104 References 104 5 Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles 107 5.1 Introduction to PHEVs 107 5.2 PHEV Architectures 110 5.3 Equivalent Electric Range of Blended PHEVs 111 5.4 Fuel Economy of PHEVs 112 5.5 Power Management of PHEVs 115 5.6 PHEV Design and Component Sizing 117 5.7 Component Sizing of EREVs 117 5.8 Component Sizing of Blended PHEVs 118 5.9 HEV to PHEV Conversions 118 5.10 Other Topics on PHEVs 121 5.11 Vehicle-to-grid Technology 124 5.12 Conclusion 135 References 135 6 Special Hybrid Vehicles 137 6.1 Hydraulic Hybrid Vehicles 137 6.2 Off-road HEVs 141 6.3 Diesel HEVs 155 6.4 Electric or Hybrid Ships, Aircraft, and Locomotives 156 6.5 Other Industrial Utility Application Vehicles 166 References 166 Further Readings 167 7 HEV Applications for Military Vehicles 169 7.1 Why HEVs Can Be Beneficial for Military Applications 169 7.2 Ground Vehicle Applications 170 7.3 Nonground-vehicle Military Applications 174 7.4 Ruggedness Issues 178 References 180 Further Readings 180 8 Diagnostics, Prognostics, Reliability, EMC, and Other Topics Related to HEVs 181 8.1 Diagnostics and Prognostics in HEVs and EVs 181 8.2 Reliability of HEVs 187 8.3 EMC Issues 198 8.4 NVH, Electromechanical, and Other Issues 200 8.5 End-of-life Issues 202 References 203 Further Readings 204 9 Power Electronics in HEVs 205 9.1 Introduction 205 9.2 Principles of Power Electronics 206 9.3 Rectifiers Used in HEVs 208 9.4 Buck Converter Used in HEVs 215 9.5 Nonisolated Bidirectional DC-DC Converter 216 9.6 Voltage Source Inverter 222 9.7 Current Source Inverter 222 9.8 Isolated Bidirectional DC-DC Converter 224 9.9 PWM Rectifier in HEVs 234 9.10 EV and PHEV Battery Chargers 235 9.11 Modeling and Simulation of HEV Power Electronics 243 9.12 Emerging Power Electronic Devices 245 9.13 Circuit Packaging 245 9.14 Thermal Management of HEV Power Electronics 246 9.15 Conclusions 248 References 248 10 Electric Machines and Drives in HEVs 251 10.1 Introduction 251 10.2 Induction Motor Drives 251 10.3 PM Motor Drives 277 10.4 Switched Reluctance Motors 296 10.5 Doubly Salient Permanent Magnet Machines 299 10.6 Design and Sizing of Traction Motors 302 10.7 Thermal Analysis and Modeling of Traction Motors 304 10.8 Conclusions 310 References 310 11 Electric Energy Sources and Storage Devices 321 11.1 Introduction 321 11.2 Characterization of Batteries 322 11.3 Comparison of Energy Storage Technologies 341 11.4 Ultracapacitors 342 11.5 Electric Circuit Model for Batteries and Ultracapacitors 343 11.6 Flywheel ESS 347 11.7 Fuel Cell-based Hybrid Vehicular Systems 349 11.8 Summary and Discussion 353 References 354 Further Reading 354 12 Battery Modeling 357 12.1 Introduction 357 12.2 Modeling of Nickel Metal Hydride (NiMH) Battery 357 12.3 Modeling of Lithium-Ion (Li-Ion) Battery 359 12.4 Parameter Estimation for Battery Models 360 12.5 Example Case of Using Battery Model in an EV System 362 12.6 Summary and Observations on Modeling and Simulation for Batteries 366 References 368 Further Readings 368 13 EV and PHEV Battery Charger Design 371 13.1 Introduction 371 13.2 Main Features of the LLC Resonant Charger 373 13.3 Design Considerations for an LLC Converter for a PHEV Battery Charger 378 13.4 Charging Trajectory Design 381 13.5 Design Procedures 386 13.6 Experimental Results 388 13.7 Fast Charging of Electric Vehicles 392 13.8 Conclusions 395 References 395 14 Modeling and Simulation of Electric and Hybrid Vehicles 399 14.1 Introduction 399 14.2 Fundamentals of Vehicle System Modeling 400 14.3 HEV Modeling Using ADVISOR 402 14.4 HEV Modeling Using PSAT 405 14.5 Physics-based Modeling 406 14.6 Bond Graph and Other Modeling Techniques 413 14.7 Consideration of Numerical Integration Methods 416 14.8 Conclusion 417 References 417 15 HEV Component Sizing and Design Optimization 421 15.1 Introduction 421 15.2 Global Optimization Algorithms for HEV Design 422 15.3 Model-in-the-loop Design Optimization Process 433 15.4 Parallel HEV Design Optimization Example 434 15.5 Series HEV Design Optimization Example 439 15.6 Conclusion 445 References 446 16 Wireless Power Transfer for Electric Vehicle Applications 449 16.1 Introduction 449 16.2 Fundamental Theory 451 16.3 Magnetic Coupler Design 456 16.4 Compensation Network 460 16.5 Power Electronics Converters and Power Control 462 16.6 Methods of Study 463 16.7 Additional Discussion 465 16.8 A Double-sided LCC Compensation Topology and its Parameter Design 468 16.9 An LCLC-based Wireless Charger Using Capacitive Power Transfer Principle 489 16.10 Summary 496 References 496 17 Vehicular Power Control Strategy and Energy Management 505 17.1 A Generic Framework, Definition, and Needs 505 17.2 Methodology to Implement 507 17.3 Benefits of Energy Management 519 References 519 Further Reading 520 18 Commercialization and Standardization of HEV Technology and Future Transportation 521 18.1 What Is Commercialization and Why Is It Important for HEVs? 521 18.2 Advantages, Disadvantages, and Enablers of Commercialization 521 18.3 Standardization and Commercialization 522 18.4 Commercialization Issues and Effects on Various Types of Vehicles 523 18.5 Commercialization of HEVs for Trucks and Off-road Applications 524 18.6 Commercialization and Future of HEVs and Transportation 524 Further Readings 525 19 A Holistic Perspective on Vehicle Electrification 527 19.1 Vehicle Electrification - What Does it Involve? 527 19.2 To What Extent Should Vehicles Be Electrified? 527 19.3 What Other Industries Are Involved or Affected in Vehicle Electrification? 529 19.4 Latest Technologies and Their Impact on Vehicular Electrification 529 19.5 A More Complete Picture Toward Vehicle Electrification 531 19.6 The Ultimate Issue: To Electrify Vehicles or Not? 534 Further Readings 535 Index 537
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