Cell biology is moving at breakneck speed, and many of the results from studies on insects have helped in understanding some of the central problems of biology. The time is therefore ripe to provide the scientific community with a series of up-to-date, well illustrated reviews of selected aspects of the sub microscopic cytology of insects. The topics we have included fall into four general groups: seven chapters deal with gametogenesis, four concern develop ing somatic cells, seventeen chapters describe specialized tissues and organs, and three chapters cover cells in pathological states.…mehr
Cell biology is moving at breakneck speed, and many of the results from studies on insects have helped in understanding some of the central problems of biology. The time is therefore ripe to provide the scientific community with a series of up-to-date, well illustrated reviews of selected aspects of the sub microscopic cytology of insects. The topics we have included fall into four general groups: seven chapters deal with gametogenesis, four concern develop ing somatic cells, seventeen chapters describe specialized tissues and organs, and three chapters cover cells in pathological states. These accounts are illustrated with over 600 electron micrographs. The more than 1100 pages in the two volumes of Insect Ultrastructure combined labors of 49 dedicated contributors from II countries. represent the These authors have digested and critically summarized a very large body of information, and some measure of this effort can be gained from consulting the bibliographies that close each of the 31 chapters. These contain 2400 publica tions authored by 1500 different scientists. However, before we congratulate ourselves on the advanced state of our knowledge, it is worth remembering that representatives of less than 0.01 % of the known species of insects have been examined with the electron microscope.
I. The Ultrastructure of Developing Cells.- 1 The Ultrastructure and Development of the Telotrophic Ovary.- 1. Introduction.- 1.1. Groups Having Telotrophic Ovaries.- 2. Adult Ovary General Aspects.- 3. Ovarian and Ovariole Sheaths, Tunica Propria, and Terminal Filaments.- 4. Inner Sheath or Interstitial Cells.- 5. Tropharium General Features and Nurse Cell Functions.- 5.1. Nurse Cell Nuclear Morphology.- 5.2. Nurse Cell Cytoplasm.- 6. Tropharium Arrangement of Nurse Cell Compartments.- 7. Trophic Cords or Trophic Tubes.- 8. Nurse Cell-Oocyte Interaction: Transport Regulation and Mechanisms.- 9. Oocytes: General Features, Nuclear Morphology, Cortex Morphology.- 10. Follicle Cells.- 11. Adult Ovary Summary.- 12. Ovarian Development: General Aspects.- 13. Postembryonic Early or Larval Ovary Stages: Mitotic Growth and Establishment of Somatic Tissue-Germ Cell Interaction.- 14. Postembryonic Late Ovary Stages: Larval-Adult Transformation, Nurse Cell, and Oocyte Differentiation.- 15. Summary.- References.- 2 Early Embryogenesis of Bombyx mori.- 1. Introduction.- 2. The Structure of Mature Eggs from the Oviduct.- 2.1. The Micropylar Region.- 2.2 Other Egg Regions.- 3. Maturation and Fertilization.- 3.1. Structure of Sperm in the Spermatheca.- 3.2. Changes of the Vitelline Membrane and Periplasm Accompanying the Entry of Sperm.- 3.3. The Sperm and Egg Nuclei.- 4. Cleavage and Blastoderm Formation.- 4.1. The Cleavage Stage.- 4.2. The Formation of Blastoderm Cells.- 4.3. The Vitellophages.- 5. Formation of the Germband and the Embryonic Envelopes.- 5.1. TheGermband.- 5.2. The Serosa and the Amnion.- 6. Summary.- References.- 3 Electron Microscopic Mapping and Ultrastructure of Drosophila Polytene Chromosomes.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Light Microscopic Maps of the Salivary Gland Chromosomes of Drosophila melanogaster.- 3. Electron Microscopic Methods for the Mapping of Polytene Chromosomes.- 3.1. Thin-Sectioning of Squashed Chromosomes.- 3.2. Electron Microscopy of Whole-Mounted Polytene Chromosomes.- 4. Electron Microscopic Maps of the Salivary Gland Chromosomes of Drosophila melanogaster.- 5. Ultrastructural Studies on Drosophila Polytene Chromosomes.- 5.1. Ultrastructure of Interbands.- 5.2. Ultrastructure of Bands.- 5.3. Functional Organization of Polytene Chromosomes.- 6. Local Variation of the Degree of Polyteny.- 7. Summary.- References.- II. The Ultrastructure of the Development, Differentiation, and Functioning of Specialized Tissues and Organs.- 4 The Structure of Insect Muscles.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Contractile System.- 2.1. Myofilament Organization and Disposition.- 2.2. Z-Band Structure and Supercontraction.- 2.3. Paramyosin and Connecting Protein.- 3. Muscle Insertions.- 4. Membrane Systems.- 4.1. General Features.- 4.2. Synchronous Muscles.- 4.3. Asynchronous Muscles.- 5. Tracheation.- 6. Summary.- References.- 5 The Structure and Development of the Vacuolar System in the Fat Body of Insects.- 1. Introduction.- 1.1. The Fat Body.- 1.2. The Ultrastructure of Fat Body Cells.- 1.3. The Fat Body Vacuolar System.- 1.4. Kinds of Fat Body Vacuole.- 2. Posttransition Compartments.- 2.1. Tyrosine Storage Vacuoles and Provacuoles.- 2.2. Urate Storage Vacuoles.- 2.3. Urate Granules.- 2.4. Protein Storage Granules.- 2.5. Secretory Vesicles.- 2.6. Vacuoles Containing Symbionts.- 2.7. Vacuoles Associated with Glycogen.- 2.8. Autophagic Vacuoles.- 2.9. Multivesicular Bodies.- 2.10. Lamellar Bodies.- 2.11. Basal Lamina Phagocytic Vacuoles.- 3. Pretransition Compartments.- 3.1. Distensions of the RER.- 3.2. Peroxisomes.- 3.3. Concretions in the RER.- 4. Discussion.- 5. Summary and Conclusions.- References.- 6 The Ultrastructure of the Digestive and Excretory Organs.- 1. Introduction.- 2. The Midgut: General Organization.- 2.1. Structure of the Wall.- 2.2. Striated Border.- 2.3. Basement Membrane (Basal Lamina) and Related Structures.- 3. Types of Epithelial Cells in the Midgut.- 3.1. Columnar Cells.- 3.2. Goblet Cells.- 3.3. Peculiar Secre
I. The Ultrastructure of Developing Cells.- 1 The Ultrastructure and Development of the Telotrophic Ovary.- 1. Introduction.- 1.1. Groups Having Telotrophic Ovaries.- 2. Adult Ovary General Aspects.- 3. Ovarian and Ovariole Sheaths, Tunica Propria, and Terminal Filaments.- 4. Inner Sheath or Interstitial Cells.- 5. Tropharium General Features and Nurse Cell Functions.- 5.1. Nurse Cell Nuclear Morphology.- 5.2. Nurse Cell Cytoplasm.- 6. Tropharium Arrangement of Nurse Cell Compartments.- 7. Trophic Cords or Trophic Tubes.- 8. Nurse Cell-Oocyte Interaction: Transport Regulation and Mechanisms.- 9. Oocytes: General Features, Nuclear Morphology, Cortex Morphology.- 10. Follicle Cells.- 11. Adult Ovary Summary.- 12. Ovarian Development: General Aspects.- 13. Postembryonic Early or Larval Ovary Stages: Mitotic Growth and Establishment of Somatic Tissue-Germ Cell Interaction.- 14. Postembryonic Late Ovary Stages: Larval-Adult Transformation, Nurse Cell, and Oocyte Differentiation.- 15. Summary.- References.- 2 Early Embryogenesis of Bombyx mori.- 1. Introduction.- 2. The Structure of Mature Eggs from the Oviduct.- 2.1. The Micropylar Region.- 2.2 Other Egg Regions.- 3. Maturation and Fertilization.- 3.1. Structure of Sperm in the Spermatheca.- 3.2. Changes of the Vitelline Membrane and Periplasm Accompanying the Entry of Sperm.- 3.3. The Sperm and Egg Nuclei.- 4. Cleavage and Blastoderm Formation.- 4.1. The Cleavage Stage.- 4.2. The Formation of Blastoderm Cells.- 4.3. The Vitellophages.- 5. Formation of the Germband and the Embryonic Envelopes.- 5.1. TheGermband.- 5.2. The Serosa and the Amnion.- 6. Summary.- References.- 3 Electron Microscopic Mapping and Ultrastructure of Drosophila Polytene Chromosomes.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Light Microscopic Maps of the Salivary Gland Chromosomes of Drosophila melanogaster.- 3. Electron Microscopic Methods for the Mapping of Polytene Chromosomes.- 3.1. Thin-Sectioning of Squashed Chromosomes.- 3.2. Electron Microscopy of Whole-Mounted Polytene Chromosomes.- 4. Electron Microscopic Maps of the Salivary Gland Chromosomes of Drosophila melanogaster.- 5. Ultrastructural Studies on Drosophila Polytene Chromosomes.- 5.1. Ultrastructure of Interbands.- 5.2. Ultrastructure of Bands.- 5.3. Functional Organization of Polytene Chromosomes.- 6. Local Variation of the Degree of Polyteny.- 7. Summary.- References.- II. The Ultrastructure of the Development, Differentiation, and Functioning of Specialized Tissues and Organs.- 4 The Structure of Insect Muscles.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Contractile System.- 2.1. Myofilament Organization and Disposition.- 2.2. Z-Band Structure and Supercontraction.- 2.3. Paramyosin and Connecting Protein.- 3. Muscle Insertions.- 4. Membrane Systems.- 4.1. General Features.- 4.2. Synchronous Muscles.- 4.3. Asynchronous Muscles.- 5. Tracheation.- 6. Summary.- References.- 5 The Structure and Development of the Vacuolar System in the Fat Body of Insects.- 1. Introduction.- 1.1. The Fat Body.- 1.2. The Ultrastructure of Fat Body Cells.- 1.3. The Fat Body Vacuolar System.- 1.4. Kinds of Fat Body Vacuole.- 2. Posttransition Compartments.- 2.1. Tyrosine Storage Vacuoles and Provacuoles.- 2.2. Urate Storage Vacuoles.- 2.3. Urate Granules.- 2.4. Protein Storage Granules.- 2.5. Secretory Vesicles.- 2.6. Vacuoles Containing Symbionts.- 2.7. Vacuoles Associated with Glycogen.- 2.8. Autophagic Vacuoles.- 2.9. Multivesicular Bodies.- 2.10. Lamellar Bodies.- 2.11. Basal Lamina Phagocytic Vacuoles.- 3. Pretransition Compartments.- 3.1. Distensions of the RER.- 3.2. Peroxisomes.- 3.3. Concretions in the RER.- 4. Discussion.- 5. Summary and Conclusions.- References.- 6 The Ultrastructure of the Digestive and Excretory Organs.- 1. Introduction.- 2. The Midgut: General Organization.- 2.1. Structure of the Wall.- 2.2. Striated Border.- 2.3. Basement Membrane (Basal Lamina) and Related Structures.- 3. Types of Epithelial Cells in the Midgut.- 3.1. Columnar Cells.- 3.2. Goblet Cells.- 3.3. Peculiar Secre
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