The blood-brain barrier serves to protect the brain from toxic substances whilst simultaneously allowing access to essential nutrients and chemical signals. At the interface between brain and body, knowledge of the blood-brain barrier forms an essential component in the complete understanding of a large proportion of medical disciplines. Nevertheless, it seems that ignorance of both the biology of this important membrane and the methodology suitable for its investigation still remains an impediment to progress in many fields, including, for example, the development of new and efficacious…mehr
The blood-brain barrier serves to protect the brain from toxic substances whilst simultaneously allowing access to essential nutrients and chemical signals. At the interface between brain and body, knowledge of the blood-brain barrier forms an essential component in the complete understanding of a large proportion of medical disciplines. Nevertheless, it seems that ignorance of both the biology of this important membrane and the methodology suitable for its investigation still remains an impediment to progress in many fields, including, for example, the development of new and efficacious neuropharmaceuticals, cerebrovascular disease, Alzheimer's disease, cerebral AIDS and brain tumours. This introduction for both researchers and clinicians across the medical sciences is intended to aid both those beginning work directly in this area and those wishing simply to be better informed when interpreting information where the blood-brain barrier may be involved. Advances in both methodology and biology are detailed in 50 chapters from international authorities.
List of contributors 1. Blood-brain barrier methodology and biology Part I. Methodology: 2. The carotid artery single injection technique 3. Development of the Brain Efflux Index (BEI) method and its application to the blood-brain barrier efflux transport study 4. In situ brain perfusion 5. Intravenous injection/pharmacokinetics 6. Isolated brain capillaries: an in vitro model of blood-brain barrier research 7. Isolation and behavior of plasma membrane vesicles made from cerebral capillary endothelial cells 8. Patch clamp technique with isolated brain microvessel membranes 9. Tissue culture of brain endothelial cells - induction of blood-brain barrier properties by brain factors 10. Brain microvessel endothelial cell culture systems 11. Intracerebral microdialysis 12. Blood-brain barrier permeability measured with histochemistry 13. Measuring local cerebral capillary permeability-surface area products by quantitative autoradiography 14. Measurement of blood-brain barrier permeability in humans using indicator diffusion 15. Measurement of blood-brain barrier permeability in humans with positron emission tomography 16. Magnetic resonance imaging of blood-brain barrier permeability 17. Molecular biology of brain capillaries Part II. Transport Biology: 18. Biology of the blood-brain glucose transporter 19. Glucose transporters in mammalian brain development 20. Blood-brain barrier amino acid transport 21. P-glycoprotein, a guardian of the brain 22. Blood-brain barrier ion transport 23. Ion channels in endothelial cells 24. Interactions of lipoproteins with the blood-brain barrier 25. Fatty acid and lipid intermediate transport 26. Blood-brain barrier transport of drugs Part III. General Aspects of CNS Transport: 27. The blood-CSF barrier and the choroid plexus 28. Arachnoid membrane, subarachnoid CSF and pia-glia 29. Circumventricular organs of the brain 30. Transport in the developing brain Part IV. Signal Transduction/Biochemical Aspects: 31. Regulation of brain endothelial cell tight junction permeability 32. Chemotherapy and chemosensitization 33. Lipid composition of brain microvessels 34. Brain microvessel antigens 35. Molecular dissection of tight junctions: occludin and ZO-1 36. Phosphatidylinositol pathways 37. Nitric oxide and endothelin at the blood-brain barrier 38. Role of intracellular calcium in regulation of brain endothelial permeability 39. Cytokines and the blood-brain barrier 40. Blood-brain barrier and monoamines, revisited Part V. Pathophysiology in Disease States: 41. Cerebral amyloid angiopathy 42. Brain microvasculature in multiple sclerosis 43. Hemostasis and the blood-brain barrier 44. Microvascular pathology in cerebrovascular ischemia 45. HIV infection and the blood-brain barrier 46. Hypertension 47. The blood-brain barrier in brain tumours 48. The pathophysiology of blood-brain barrier dysfunction due to traumatic brain injury 49. Cerebral malaria and the brain microvasculature 50. Molecular basis of tissue tropism of bacterial meningitis.
List of contributors 1. Blood-brain barrier methodology and biology Part I. Methodology: 2. The carotid artery single injection technique 3. Development of the Brain Efflux Index (BEI) method and its application to the blood-brain barrier efflux transport study 4. In situ brain perfusion 5. Intravenous injection/pharmacokinetics 6. Isolated brain capillaries: an in vitro model of blood-brain barrier research 7. Isolation and behavior of plasma membrane vesicles made from cerebral capillary endothelial cells 8. Patch clamp technique with isolated brain microvessel membranes 9. Tissue culture of brain endothelial cells - induction of blood-brain barrier properties by brain factors 10. Brain microvessel endothelial cell culture systems 11. Intracerebral microdialysis 12. Blood-brain barrier permeability measured with histochemistry 13. Measuring local cerebral capillary permeability-surface area products by quantitative autoradiography 14. Measurement of blood-brain barrier permeability in humans using indicator diffusion 15. Measurement of blood-brain barrier permeability in humans with positron emission tomography 16. Magnetic resonance imaging of blood-brain barrier permeability 17. Molecular biology of brain capillaries Part II. Transport Biology: 18. Biology of the blood-brain glucose transporter 19. Glucose transporters in mammalian brain development 20. Blood-brain barrier amino acid transport 21. P-glycoprotein, a guardian of the brain 22. Blood-brain barrier ion transport 23. Ion channels in endothelial cells 24. Interactions of lipoproteins with the blood-brain barrier 25. Fatty acid and lipid intermediate transport 26. Blood-brain barrier transport of drugs Part III. General Aspects of CNS Transport: 27. The blood-CSF barrier and the choroid plexus 28. Arachnoid membrane, subarachnoid CSF and pia-glia 29. Circumventricular organs of the brain 30. Transport in the developing brain Part IV. Signal Transduction/Biochemical Aspects: 31. Regulation of brain endothelial cell tight junction permeability 32. Chemotherapy and chemosensitization 33. Lipid composition of brain microvessels 34. Brain microvessel antigens 35. Molecular dissection of tight junctions: occludin and ZO-1 36. Phosphatidylinositol pathways 37. Nitric oxide and endothelin at the blood-brain barrier 38. Role of intracellular calcium in regulation of brain endothelial permeability 39. Cytokines and the blood-brain barrier 40. Blood-brain barrier and monoamines, revisited Part V. Pathophysiology in Disease States: 41. Cerebral amyloid angiopathy 42. Brain microvasculature in multiple sclerosis 43. Hemostasis and the blood-brain barrier 44. Microvascular pathology in cerebrovascular ischemia 45. HIV infection and the blood-brain barrier 46. Hypertension 47. The blood-brain barrier in brain tumours 48. The pathophysiology of blood-brain barrier dysfunction due to traumatic brain injury 49. Cerebral malaria and the brain microvasculature 50. Molecular basis of tissue tropism of bacterial meningitis.
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