The material of this book will derive its scientific under-pinning from basics of mathematics, physics, chemistry, geology, meteorology, engineering, soil science, and related disciplines and will provide sufficient breadth and depth of understanding in each sub-section of hydrology.
The material of this book will derive its scientific under-pinning from basics of mathematics, physics, chemistry, geology, meteorology, engineering, soil science, and related disciplines and will provide sufficient breadth and depth of understanding in each sub-section of hydrology.
Dr. S.K. Gupta has more than 150 publications in internationally refereed research journals and several books to his credit. Dr. Gupta has also been a Fulbright Fellow at the University of Hawaii at Manoa, an Alexander von Humboldt Fellow at the University of Heidelberg, and a Visiting Fellow at the University of Canberra. He is a Fellow of the National Academy of Sciences, India.
Inhaltsangabe
Foreword xi Preface xv Acknowledgements xvii A note for students and teachers xix 1 Fundamentals of hydrology 1 1.1 Properties of water 1 1.2 Common water quality parameters 4 1.3 Hydrologic cycle and global water distribution 10 1.4 Units and dimensions 17 1.5 Significant figures and digits 19 2 Surface water hydrology 20 2.1 Lakes 20 2.2 Glaciers 23 2.3 Streams 25 2.4 Watershed concept 25 2.5 Instrumentation and monitoring 26 2.6 Runoff processes and flow measurement 38 2.7 Rainfall-runoff analysis and modelling 43 2.8 Stream processes 49 2.9 Stream characteristics 54 2.10 River and reservoir routing 56 2.11 Scales and scaling 59 2.12 The invisible resource: groundwater 60 2.13 Tutorial 63 3 Groundwater hydrology 70 3.1 Occurrence of groundwater 70 3.2 Movement of groundwater 74 3.3 Hydraulic head 74 3.4 Dispersion 85 3.5 Specialized flow conditions 86 3.6 Groundwater measurements 87 3.7 Groundwater pollution 89 3.8 Composite nature of surfacewater and groundwater 90 3.9 Conjunctive use of surfacewater and groundwater 91 3.10 Tutorial 93 4 Well hydraulics and test pumping 95 4.1 Steady flow 96 4.2 Superposition in space and time 104 4.3 Boundaries and images in flow modelling 106 4.4 Well flow under special conditions 108 4.5 Well losses 109 4.6 Tutorial 111 5 Surface and groundwater flow modelling 114 5.1 Surface water flow modelling 115 5.2 Groundwater flow modelling 118 5.3 Surface and groundwater interactions and coupled/integrated modelling 133 6 Aqueous chemistry and human impacts on water quality 135 6.1 Principles and processes controlling composition of natural waters 136 6.2 Natural hydrochemical conditions in the subsurface 154 6.3 Presenting inorganic chemical data 155 6.4 Impact of human activities 158 6.5 Geochemical modelling 167 6.6 Chemical tracers 169 6.7 Groundwater - numerical modelling of solute transport 171 6.8 Relation between use and quality of water 174 6.9 Industrial use 178 6.10 Tutorial 179 7 Hydrologic tracing 181 7.1 Isotopes and radioactivity 182 7.2 Hydrologic tracers 183 7.3 Tracers and groundwater movement 188 7.4 Stable isotopes of oxygen and hydrogen 194 7.5 Dissolved noble gases 199 7.6 Models for interpretation of groundwater age 207 7.7 Tracers for estimation of groundwater recharge 211 7.8 Tutorial 214 8 Statistical analyses in hydrology 217 8.1 Descriptive statistics 218 8.2 Probability theory 222 8.3 Hydrologic frequency analysis 241 8.4 Nonparametric density estimation methods 245 8.5 Error analysis 246 8.6 Time series analysis 251 8.7 Tutorial 265 9 Remote sensing and GIS in hydrology 268 9.1 Principle of remote sensing 269 9.2 Approaches to data/image interpretation 279 9.3 Radar and microwave remote sensing 281 9.4 Geographic Information Systems (GIS) 284 9.5 Applications in hydrology 288 10 Urban hydrology 297 10.1 Water balance in urban areas 299 10.2 Disposal of waterborne wastes 302 10.3 New approaches and technologies for sustainable urbanization 317 11 Rainwater harvesting and artificial groundwater recharge 322 11.1 Historical perspective 322 11.2 Rainwater harvesting - some general remarks 323 11.3 Watershed management and water harvesting 335 11.4 Tutorial 337 12 Water resource development: the human dimensions 338 12.1 The global water crisis 338 12.2 Global initiatives 340 12.3 Water and ethics 340 12.4 Global water tele-connections and virtual water 346 13 Some case studies 349 13.1 The Yellow River Basin, China 349 13.2 The Colorado River Basin, United States 362 13.3 The Murray-Darling River Basin, Australia 373 13.4 The North Gujarat-Cambay region, Western India 380 14 Epilogue 389 14.1 Water and its properties, quality considerations, movement, and modelling of surface- and groundwater 389 14.2 Distribution of water in space and time 396 14.3 Water resource sustainability 399 Bibliography 403 Index 433 Plate section faces page 172
Foreword xi Preface xv Acknowledgements xvii A note for students and teachers xix 1 Fundamentals of hydrology 1 1.1 Properties of water 1 1.2 Common water quality parameters 4 1.3 Hydrologic cycle and global water distribution 10 1.4 Units and dimensions 17 1.5 Significant figures and digits 19 2 Surface water hydrology 20 2.1 Lakes 20 2.2 Glaciers 23 2.3 Streams 25 2.4 Watershed concept 25 2.5 Instrumentation and monitoring 26 2.6 Runoff processes and flow measurement 38 2.7 Rainfall-runoff analysis and modelling 43 2.8 Stream processes 49 2.9 Stream characteristics 54 2.10 River and reservoir routing 56 2.11 Scales and scaling 59 2.12 The invisible resource: groundwater 60 2.13 Tutorial 63 3 Groundwater hydrology 70 3.1 Occurrence of groundwater 70 3.2 Movement of groundwater 74 3.3 Hydraulic head 74 3.4 Dispersion 85 3.5 Specialized flow conditions 86 3.6 Groundwater measurements 87 3.7 Groundwater pollution 89 3.8 Composite nature of surfacewater and groundwater 90 3.9 Conjunctive use of surfacewater and groundwater 91 3.10 Tutorial 93 4 Well hydraulics and test pumping 95 4.1 Steady flow 96 4.2 Superposition in space and time 104 4.3 Boundaries and images in flow modelling 106 4.4 Well flow under special conditions 108 4.5 Well losses 109 4.6 Tutorial 111 5 Surface and groundwater flow modelling 114 5.1 Surface water flow modelling 115 5.2 Groundwater flow modelling 118 5.3 Surface and groundwater interactions and coupled/integrated modelling 133 6 Aqueous chemistry and human impacts on water quality 135 6.1 Principles and processes controlling composition of natural waters 136 6.2 Natural hydrochemical conditions in the subsurface 154 6.3 Presenting inorganic chemical data 155 6.4 Impact of human activities 158 6.5 Geochemical modelling 167 6.6 Chemical tracers 169 6.7 Groundwater - numerical modelling of solute transport 171 6.8 Relation between use and quality of water 174 6.9 Industrial use 178 6.10 Tutorial 179 7 Hydrologic tracing 181 7.1 Isotopes and radioactivity 182 7.2 Hydrologic tracers 183 7.3 Tracers and groundwater movement 188 7.4 Stable isotopes of oxygen and hydrogen 194 7.5 Dissolved noble gases 199 7.6 Models for interpretation of groundwater age 207 7.7 Tracers for estimation of groundwater recharge 211 7.8 Tutorial 214 8 Statistical analyses in hydrology 217 8.1 Descriptive statistics 218 8.2 Probability theory 222 8.3 Hydrologic frequency analysis 241 8.4 Nonparametric density estimation methods 245 8.5 Error analysis 246 8.6 Time series analysis 251 8.7 Tutorial 265 9 Remote sensing and GIS in hydrology 268 9.1 Principle of remote sensing 269 9.2 Approaches to data/image interpretation 279 9.3 Radar and microwave remote sensing 281 9.4 Geographic Information Systems (GIS) 284 9.5 Applications in hydrology 288 10 Urban hydrology 297 10.1 Water balance in urban areas 299 10.2 Disposal of waterborne wastes 302 10.3 New approaches and technologies for sustainable urbanization 317 11 Rainwater harvesting and artificial groundwater recharge 322 11.1 Historical perspective 322 11.2 Rainwater harvesting - some general remarks 323 11.3 Watershed management and water harvesting 335 11.4 Tutorial 337 12 Water resource development: the human dimensions 338 12.1 The global water crisis 338 12.2 Global initiatives 340 12.3 Water and ethics 340 12.4 Global water tele-connections and virtual water 346 13 Some case studies 349 13.1 The Yellow River Basin, China 349 13.2 The Colorado River Basin, United States 362 13.3 The Murray-Darling River Basin, Australia 373 13.4 The North Gujarat-Cambay region, Western India 380 14 Epilogue 389 14.1 Water and its properties, quality considerations, movement, and modelling of surface- and groundwater 389 14.2 Distribution of water in space and time 396 14.3 Water resource sustainability 399 Bibliography 403 Index 433 Plate section faces page 172
Rezensionen
"The material of this book will derive its scientific under-pinning from basics of mathematics, physics, chemistry, geology, meteorology, engineering, soil science, and related disciplines and will provide sufficient breadth and depth of understanding in each sub-section of hydrology. " (Environmental Expert, 8 March 2011)
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