Ny¿ya S¿tra offers a new English translation of the text ascribed to Ak¿ap¿da, an Indian philosopher who lived around the beginning of the Common Era. The translation is accompanied by the original Sanskrit text and an original commentary. The commentary explains every s¿tra separately and identifies the sources of the Ny¿ya S¿tra. It analyses the way older ideas on epistemology, logic, and soteriology were presented as a new coherent system of thought. The book puts forward the main goal of the Ny¿ya S¿tra: to define what it considered the basic tenets of a soteriology and how the goal of…mehr
Ny¿ya S¿tra offers a new English translation of the text ascribed to Ak¿ap¿da, an Indian philosopher who lived around the beginning of the Common Era. The translation is accompanied by the original Sanskrit text and an original commentary. The commentary explains every s¿tra separately and identifies the sources of the Ny¿ya S¿tra. It analyses the way older ideas on epistemology, logic, and soteriology were presented as a new coherent system of thought. The book puts forward the main goal of the Ny¿ya S¿tra: to define what it considered the basic tenets of a soteriology and how the goal of this soteriology could be reached by rationally applying epistemological and logical methods to finding out the truth. In turn, this truth was thought to lead to the ultimate soteriological goal of freedom from suffering. Showing the coherence of the text and its ultimate goal being soteriological, the new commentary also discusses many scholarly issues regarding the Ny¿ya S¿tra and its position in the history of Indian philosophy. This book will be of interest to researchers studying Indian philosophy, world philosophies, epistemology, logic, philosophical method, art of debate, soteriology, rationalism, spirituality, Hinduism, Indian religions, and religious studies.
Victor A. van Bijlert was until retirement Lecturer of Indian Religions and Sanskrit, Faculty of Religion and Theology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, the Netherlands. He is the author of Vedantic Hinduism in Colonial Bengal (Routledge, 2021).
Inhaltsangabe
Introduction 1 Chapter 1a 11 The use 11 Means of valid cognition 13 Objects worth knowing 16 On the method, first part 21 Established tenets 23 The method defined 25 Further parts of the method 33 Chapter 1b 36 Verbalised forms 36 Fallacious reasons 37 Deliberate misinterpretation 39 General inferential mistakes 42 Chapter 2a 44 Doubt 44 General characteristics of the means of valid cognition 47 Definition of perception 54 Perception is inference 57 Whole made up of parts 58 Inference 60 Present 62 Comparison 63 Statement in general 66 Statement in detail 69 Chapter 2b 73 Four means of valid cognition 73 Non-eternity of sound 78 Modifications of sound 87 Ascertaining the meaning of words 94 Chapter 3a 99 The different senses 99 The self is separate from the body 100 The organ of sight is not single 102 The self is different from the mind 104 The self is eternal 105 Physical body 109 Senses derive from the elements 110 Differences between the sense organs 115 Sense objects 119 Chapter 3b 126 Understanding is not eternal 126 Momentariness in general 131 Understanding as a quality of the self 134 Understanding springs up and comes to a final end 144 Understanding not a quality of the body 145 Mind 149 The body brought about by unseen causes 151 Chapter 4a 157 Worldly activities and moral flaws 157 Three types of moral flaws 157 Hereafter 159 The material cause is emptiness 161 The material cause is the Lord 162 Things come into being without cause 164 Refuting that everything is impermanent 165 Refuting that everything is permanent 166 Refuting that everything is totally particular 168 Refuting the emptiness of everything 170 Refuting enumerations 172 Fruits of action 174 Suffering 178 Final liberation 179 Chapter 4b 186 True knowledge 186 Parts and wholes consisting of parts 187 That which is without parts 193 Refuting the breaking up of outer objects 196 Increasing true knowledge 201 Protecting true knowledge 205 Chapter 5a 207 Fallacious indications of a true counter-position 208 Six rejoinders 213 Two rejoinders 218 Infinite regress and a generally perceived fact that is contrary 219 Non-emergence 221 Doubt 222 Subsection 222 Absence of a reason 223 Implication 224 Non-differentiation 224 What is truly possible 225 Perception 226 Non-perception 226 What is not eternal 227 What is eternal 228 Effect 229 Six positions in a fallacious debate 230 Chapter 5b 234 Five grounds for losing an argument 234 Four grounds for losing an argument 238 Three grounds for losing an argument 239 Repetitiveness 240 Inability to give an answer 241 Assenting to the opinion of the opponent 242 Unusual statements 243 Bibliography 245 Index 249
Introduction 1 Chapter 1a 11 The use 11 Means of valid cognition 13 Objects worth knowing 16 On the method, first part 21 Established tenets 23 The method defined 25 Further parts of the method 33 Chapter 1b 36 Verbalised forms 36 Fallacious reasons 37 Deliberate misinterpretation 39 General inferential mistakes 42 Chapter 2a 44 Doubt 44 General characteristics of the means of valid cognition 47 Definition of perception 54 Perception is inference 57 Whole made up of parts 58 Inference 60 Present 62 Comparison 63 Statement in general 66 Statement in detail 69 Chapter 2b 73 Four means of valid cognition 73 Non-eternity of sound 78 Modifications of sound 87 Ascertaining the meaning of words 94 Chapter 3a 99 The different senses 99 The self is separate from the body 100 The organ of sight is not single 102 The self is different from the mind 104 The self is eternal 105 Physical body 109 Senses derive from the elements 110 Differences between the sense organs 115 Sense objects 119 Chapter 3b 126 Understanding is not eternal 126 Momentariness in general 131 Understanding as a quality of the self 134 Understanding springs up and comes to a final end 144 Understanding not a quality of the body 145 Mind 149 The body brought about by unseen causes 151 Chapter 4a 157 Worldly activities and moral flaws 157 Three types of moral flaws 157 Hereafter 159 The material cause is emptiness 161 The material cause is the Lord 162 Things come into being without cause 164 Refuting that everything is impermanent 165 Refuting that everything is permanent 166 Refuting that everything is totally particular 168 Refuting the emptiness of everything 170 Refuting enumerations 172 Fruits of action 174 Suffering 178 Final liberation 179 Chapter 4b 186 True knowledge 186 Parts and wholes consisting of parts 187 That which is without parts 193 Refuting the breaking up of outer objects 196 Increasing true knowledge 201 Protecting true knowledge 205 Chapter 5a 207 Fallacious indications of a true counter-position 208 Six rejoinders 213 Two rejoinders 218 Infinite regress and a generally perceived fact that is contrary 219 Non-emergence 221 Doubt 222 Subsection 222 Absence of a reason 223 Implication 224 Non-differentiation 224 What is truly possible 225 Perception 226 Non-perception 226 What is not eternal 227 What is eternal 228 Effect 229 Six positions in a fallacious debate 230 Chapter 5b 234 Five grounds for losing an argument 234 Four grounds for losing an argument 238 Three grounds for losing an argument 239 Repetitiveness 240 Inability to give an answer 241 Assenting to the opinion of the opponent 242 Unusual statements 243 Bibliography 245 Index 249
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