New insights into trends, deployments, applications, and associated benefits of reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (RIS) in emerging wireless communication systems Reconfigurable Intelligent Surfaces for 6G and Beyond Wireless Networks analyzes the design and applications of RIS in 6G and beyond, such as aiding efficient wireless signal transmission from the transmitter to the receiver while considering several practical constraints. In addition, the book offers advanced signal-processing algorithms to enable RIS applications in realistic environments and leverages advanced mathematical tools…mehr
New insights into trends, deployments, applications, and associated benefits of reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (RIS) in emerging wireless communication systems Reconfigurable Intelligent Surfaces for 6G and Beyond Wireless Networks analyzes the design and applications of RIS in 6G and beyond, such as aiding efficient wireless signal transmission from the transmitter to the receiver while considering several practical constraints. In addition, the book offers advanced signal-processing algorithms to enable RIS applications in realistic environments and leverages advanced mathematical tools and machine learning algorithms to analyze RIS dynamics in evolving wireless networks. Written in an easy-to-understand format, this book addresses the need to design energy- and spectral-efficient RIS models to address several network issues, including interference, pathloss, delay, traffic outage, etc. It also discusses critical security and privacy issues affecting all stakeholders in the wireless ecosystem, providing practical deep learning-based solutions to address these problems appropriately. This book also addresses critical concepts, design principles, applications, and issues with RIS, shedding light on the recent progress and advancement in RIS-assisted wireless networks for 6G and beyond. With contributions from experts and researchers from across the globe, this invaluable resource includes information on: * Emerging applications and potential use cases of reconfigurable intelligent surfaces in advanced wireless communication systems * Channel modeling and propagation measurements in RIS-based wireless communication systems * Energy and spectral efficiency and rate fairness for RIS-aided multiuser massive MIMO systems * Performance optimization of multiple RIS-assisted multiuser MIMO communication systems * Analytical phase-shift and amplitude element optimization for energy-efficient active RIS-aided massive MIMO systems * Physical layer security architecture and frameworks for RIS-aided wireless communication systems * RIS deployment in terrestrial and non-terrestrial wireless communication systems * Application of AI and ML techniques for intelligent power control in RIS-empowered wireless communication systems Reconfigurable Intelligent Surfaces for 6G and Beyond Wireless Networks is an essential up-to-date reference on the subject for industry and academic researchers, scientists, and engineers in the fields of wireless communications, ICTs, MIMO, antennas, sensing, channel measurements, and modeling technologies, as well as engineers and professionals involved in RIS-assisted wireless networks.
Agbotiname Lucky Imoize is a Lecturer in the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering at the University of Lagos, Nigeria. Vinoth Babu Kumaravelu, PhD, is a Professor in the Department of Communication Engineering, School of Electronics Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India. Dinh-Thuan Do, PhD, is an Assistant Professor of Computer and Electrical Engineering, School of Engineering, University of Mount Union, Ohio, USA.
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About the Editors xxiii About the Contributors xxv Preface xxxix Acknowledgments xli Introduction xliii 1 Reconfigurable Intelligent Surfaces-Assisted Wireless Communication Systems: Baseband Processing Perspective 1 Thiruvengadam Sundarrajan Jayaraman, Velmurugan Periyakarupan Gurusamy Sivabalan, Vinoth Babu Kumaravelu, Agbotiname Lucky Imoize, and Helen Sheeba John Kennedy 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 RelatedWork 4 1.3 Comprehensive Overview of RIS 7 1.4 Characterization of RIS 11 1.5 Results and Discussions 21 1.6 Conclusion and Future Directions 27 2 Emerging Applications and Potential Use Cases of Reconfigurable Intelligent Surfaces in Wireless Communication Systems 33 Helen Sheeba John Kennedy, Anjana Babu Sujatha, Suganthi Evangeline Chakkaravarthy, Dipinkrishnan Rayaroth, Vinoth Babu Kumaravelu, Narushan Pillay, Arthi Murugadass, and Vishnu Vardhan Gudla 2.1 Introduction 33 2.2 Use Cases of RIS 36 2.3 RIS Applications 50 2.4 Challenges and Research Trends 59 2.5 Conclusions 61 3 Reconfigurable Intelligent Surfaces for 6G: A Comprehensive Overview and Electromagnetic Analysis 71 Suganthi Evangeline Chakkaravarthy, Dipinkrishnan Rayaroth, Vinoth Babu Kumaravelu, Thiruvengadam Sundarrajan Jayaraman, Velmurugan Periyakarupan Gurusamy Sivabalan, Vetrivel Chelian Thirumavalavan, Rajeshkumar Venkatesan, Arthi Murugadass, and Agbotiname Lucky Imoize 3.1 Introduction 71 3.2 Overview of RIS 75 3.3 EM Analysis of RIS 89 3.4 Impact of Mutual Coupling in RIS 92 3.5 Impact of Spatial Correlation in RIS 93 3.6 Results and Discussion 101 3.7 Conclusions 106 4 Spectral Efficiency and Rate Fairness for RIS-Aided Multiuser Massive MIMO System 113 Rafael Augusto Pedriali, Wilson de Souza Junior, and Taufik Abrao 4.1 Introduction 113 4.2 Fundamental Concepts 118 4.3 Methodology 136 4.4 Numerical Results 148 4.5 Conclusions 162 5 Performance Optimization of Multiple RIS-Assisted Multiuser MIMO Communication Systems 169 Francisco Ruben Castillo Soria, Roilhi Frajo Ibarra-Hernandez, Carlos Adrian Gutierrez Diaz de Leon, Abel Garcia Barrientos, Sharon Macias-Velasquez, and Jose Alberto del Puerto-Flores 5.1 Introduction 169 5.2 RelatedWork 171 5.3 N-RIS-assisted MU-MIMO System Model 173 5.4 Blind RISs and Optimized Transmission 176 5.5 System Performance Results 180 5.6 Artificial Intelligence in RIS-assisted MU-MIMO Systems 186 5.7 Future Trends, Challenges, and Opportunities 195 5.8 Conclusion 196 6 Analytical Phase Shift and Amplitude Element Optimization for Energy-Efficient Active RIS-Aided Massive MIMO Systems 201 Wilson de Souza Junior, Jose Carlos Marinello Filho, and Taufik Abrao 6.1 Introduction 201 6.2 RelatedWorks 205 6.3 General System Model for RIS-aided M-MIMO 211 6.4 Optimization Techniques 218 6.5 Problem Formulation 221 6.6 Proposed Solution 222 6.7 Numerical Results 228 6.7.1 Efficiency of the Proposed Algorithm 228 6.8 Conclusions and Perspectives 233 7 Element Grouping in IRS-Aided Wireless Communication System 243 Samarendra Nath Sur, Huu Quy Tran, and Agbotiname Lucky Imoize 7.1 Introduction 243 7.2 Element Grouping 246 7.3 Mathematical Model 252 7.4 Results 260 7.5 Conclusion and Future Scope 264 8 Reconfigurable Intelligent Surface-Empowered Non-orthogonal Multiple Access: Outage and ABER Analysis of Smart and Blind Transmissions 271 Vinoth Babu Kumaravelu, Anjana Babu Sujatha, Helen Sheeba John Kennedy, Francisco Ruben Castillo Soria, Dinh-Thuan Do, Velmurugan Periyakarupan Gurusamy Sivabalan, Thiruvengadam Sundarrajan Jayaraman, Agbotiname Lucky Imoize, Vishnu Vardhan Gudla, and Arthi Murugadass 8.1 Introduction 271 8.2 RelatedWorks 274 8.3 RIS-AP-NOMA 277 8.4 Analytical Model 278 8.5 Discussions on Simulations 285 8.6 Conclusions 296 9 Convergence of RIS with Emerging Wireless Technologies 301 Mehmet Bilim, Nuri Kapucu, Yasin Kabalci, and Vinoth Babu Kumaravelu 9.1 Introduction 301 9.2 RIS-Assisted Wireless Communication Systems 302 9.3 Theoretical Analysis of RIS-Assisted Systems 321
10 A Survey on RIS for 6G-IoT Wireless Positioning and Localization 335 Vivek Menon Unnikrishnan, Poongundran Selvaprabhu, Nivetha Baskar, Vinoth Kumar Chandra Babu, Rajeshkumar Venkatesan, Vinoth Babu Kumaravelu, Sunil Chinnadurai, and Agbotiname Lucky Imoize 10.1 Introduction 335 10.2 Role of RIS-Assisted IoT Networks inWireless Positioning and Localization 338 10.3 Localization Principles and RIS-Aided Localization Algorithms 348 10.4 State-of-the-Art Research on Positioning and Localization with the Assistance of RIS in 6G-IoT 354 10.5 Potential Challenges of RIS-Aided 6G-IoT for Wireless Positioning and Localization 362 10.6 Future Research Directions 365 10.7 Conclusions 368 11 Security and Privacy Issues in RIS-Based Wireless Communication Systems 377 Nivetha Baskar, Poongundran Selvaprabhu, Vivek Menon Unnikrishnan, Vinoth Kumar Chandra Babu, Vinoth Babu Kumaravelu, Vetriveeran Rajamani, Sunil Chinnadurai, and Md. Abdul Latif Sarker 11.1 Introduction 377 11.2 RelatedWork 380 11.3 Ensuring Security and Privacy in 6G Applications Assisted by RIS 381 11.4 Various Threats and Attacks in RIS-Supported Wireless Systems 388 11.5 Secure Physical Layer Networks for RIS-Assisted System 394 11.6 Conclusions and Future Scope 398 12 AI and ML Techniques for Intelligent Power Control in RIS-Empowered Wireless Communication Systems 405 Ammar Summaq, Mukkara Prasanna Kumar, Sunil Chinnadurai, Poongundran Selvaprabhu, Vinoth Babu Kumaravelu, and Agbotiname Lucky Imoize 12.1 Introduction 405 12.2 RelatedWork 408 12.3 DRL Algorithms for RIS-Assisted Wireless Communication Systems 413 12.4 Proposed Method for Intelligent Power Control 419 12.5 Results and Analysis 425 12.6 Discussions 426 12.7 Limitations of the Survey 427 12.8 Critical Lessons Learned 427 12.9 Conclusion 428 12.10 Future Scope 428 13 An Overview of Channel Modeling and Propagation Measurements in IRS-Based Wireless Communication Systems 435 Mukkara Prasanna Kumar, Ammar Summaq, Sunil Chinnadurai, Vinoth Babu Kumaravelu, Poongundran Selvaprabhu, Agbotiname Lucky Imoize, and Gaurav Jaiswal 13.1 Introduction 435 13.2 RelatedWork 438 13.3 IRS Technology and Its Fundamental Principles 440 13.4 Channel Modeling and Propagation Measurements for Communication Systems 441 13.5 IRS Channel Modeling 448 13.6 Limitations of the Survey 464 13.7 Critical Lessons Learned 465 13.8 Potential Challenges of Propagation Measurements and Channel Modeling 465 13.9 Conclusion and Future Scope 466 14 Deep Reinforcement Algorithms in RIS-Empowered Wireless Communication Systems 475 Dang Ngoc Thien Nguyen 14.1 Introduction 475 14.2 RelatedWorks 477 14.3 What is Deep Reinforcement Learning? 480 14.4 Deep Reinforcement Learning Algorithms for RIS-Empowered Wireless Communication Systems 489 14.5 Limitations and Key Takeaways 493 14.6 Conclusion 494 15 Examining Physical Layer Security for RIS-Aided Wireless Communication Systems 499 Tuan Minh La, Hieu Tri Nguyen, and Khoi Nguyen Phan 15.1 Introduction 499 15.2 RelatedWorks 501 15.3 Fundamentals of PLS, RIS, and IoT 504 15.4 RIS-Aided PLS 509 15.5 Mathematical Analysis of PLS in an RIS-Aided NOMA Network 516 15.6 Limitations and Key Takeaways 519 15.7 Conclusion 520 16 RIS-Empowered Terrestrial and Non-terrestrial Wireless Communication Systems 525 Unwana Macaulay Ekpe 16.1 Introduction 525 16.2 Metamaterials and Metasurfaces 527 16.3 RIS-Empowered Terrestrial Communication Systems 530 16.4 RIS-Empowered Non-Terrestrial Communication Systems 540 16.5 Lessons Learned and Future Research Direction 547 16.6 Conclusion 548 17 Energy Efficiency and Optimization of RIS-Based Wireless Communication Systems 551 Kien Ho, Minh Dang Nguyen, Minh Tuan Pham, Hung Gia Truong, and Arjun Chakravarthi Pogaku 17.1 Introduction 551 17.2 Optimization for RIS-Based Transmission 555 17.3 Cooperative RIS 559 17.4 Optimization for RIS-Assisted Beamforming 563 17.5 RIS Partitioning 571 17.6 Simulation Results of Multiple RISs Systems 574 17.7 Discussion 577 17.8 Conclusion 577 References 578 Index 583
About the Editors xxiii About the Contributors xxv Preface xxxix Acknowledgments xli Introduction xliii 1 Reconfigurable Intelligent Surfaces-Assisted Wireless Communication Systems: Baseband Processing Perspective 1 Thiruvengadam Sundarrajan Jayaraman, Velmurugan Periyakarupan Gurusamy Sivabalan, Vinoth Babu Kumaravelu, Agbotiname Lucky Imoize, and Helen Sheeba John Kennedy 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 RelatedWork 4 1.3 Comprehensive Overview of RIS 7 1.4 Characterization of RIS 11 1.5 Results and Discussions 21 1.6 Conclusion and Future Directions 27 2 Emerging Applications and Potential Use Cases of Reconfigurable Intelligent Surfaces in Wireless Communication Systems 33 Helen Sheeba John Kennedy, Anjana Babu Sujatha, Suganthi Evangeline Chakkaravarthy, Dipinkrishnan Rayaroth, Vinoth Babu Kumaravelu, Narushan Pillay, Arthi Murugadass, and Vishnu Vardhan Gudla 2.1 Introduction 33 2.2 Use Cases of RIS 36 2.3 RIS Applications 50 2.4 Challenges and Research Trends 59 2.5 Conclusions 61 3 Reconfigurable Intelligent Surfaces for 6G: A Comprehensive Overview and Electromagnetic Analysis 71 Suganthi Evangeline Chakkaravarthy, Dipinkrishnan Rayaroth, Vinoth Babu Kumaravelu, Thiruvengadam Sundarrajan Jayaraman, Velmurugan Periyakarupan Gurusamy Sivabalan, Vetrivel Chelian Thirumavalavan, Rajeshkumar Venkatesan, Arthi Murugadass, and Agbotiname Lucky Imoize 3.1 Introduction 71 3.2 Overview of RIS 75 3.3 EM Analysis of RIS 89 3.4 Impact of Mutual Coupling in RIS 92 3.5 Impact of Spatial Correlation in RIS 93 3.6 Results and Discussion 101 3.7 Conclusions 106 4 Spectral Efficiency and Rate Fairness for RIS-Aided Multiuser Massive MIMO System 113 Rafael Augusto Pedriali, Wilson de Souza Junior, and Taufik Abrao 4.1 Introduction 113 4.2 Fundamental Concepts 118 4.3 Methodology 136 4.4 Numerical Results 148 4.5 Conclusions 162 5 Performance Optimization of Multiple RIS-Assisted Multiuser MIMO Communication Systems 169 Francisco Ruben Castillo Soria, Roilhi Frajo Ibarra-Hernandez, Carlos Adrian Gutierrez Diaz de Leon, Abel Garcia Barrientos, Sharon Macias-Velasquez, and Jose Alberto del Puerto-Flores 5.1 Introduction 169 5.2 RelatedWork 171 5.3 N-RIS-assisted MU-MIMO System Model 173 5.4 Blind RISs and Optimized Transmission 176 5.5 System Performance Results 180 5.6 Artificial Intelligence in RIS-assisted MU-MIMO Systems 186 5.7 Future Trends, Challenges, and Opportunities 195 5.8 Conclusion 196 6 Analytical Phase Shift and Amplitude Element Optimization for Energy-Efficient Active RIS-Aided Massive MIMO Systems 201 Wilson de Souza Junior, Jose Carlos Marinello Filho, and Taufik Abrao 6.1 Introduction 201 6.2 RelatedWorks 205 6.3 General System Model for RIS-aided M-MIMO 211 6.4 Optimization Techniques 218 6.5 Problem Formulation 221 6.6 Proposed Solution 222 6.7 Numerical Results 228 6.7.1 Efficiency of the Proposed Algorithm 228 6.8 Conclusions and Perspectives 233 7 Element Grouping in IRS-Aided Wireless Communication System 243 Samarendra Nath Sur, Huu Quy Tran, and Agbotiname Lucky Imoize 7.1 Introduction 243 7.2 Element Grouping 246 7.3 Mathematical Model 252 7.4 Results 260 7.5 Conclusion and Future Scope 264 8 Reconfigurable Intelligent Surface-Empowered Non-orthogonal Multiple Access: Outage and ABER Analysis of Smart and Blind Transmissions 271 Vinoth Babu Kumaravelu, Anjana Babu Sujatha, Helen Sheeba John Kennedy, Francisco Ruben Castillo Soria, Dinh-Thuan Do, Velmurugan Periyakarupan Gurusamy Sivabalan, Thiruvengadam Sundarrajan Jayaraman, Agbotiname Lucky Imoize, Vishnu Vardhan Gudla, and Arthi Murugadass 8.1 Introduction 271 8.2 RelatedWorks 274 8.3 RIS-AP-NOMA 277 8.4 Analytical Model 278 8.5 Discussions on Simulations 285 8.6 Conclusions 296 9 Convergence of RIS with Emerging Wireless Technologies 301 Mehmet Bilim, Nuri Kapucu, Yasin Kabalci, and Vinoth Babu Kumaravelu 9.1 Introduction 301 9.2 RIS-Assisted Wireless Communication Systems 302 9.3 Theoretical Analysis of RIS-Assisted Systems 321
10 A Survey on RIS for 6G-IoT Wireless Positioning and Localization 335 Vivek Menon Unnikrishnan, Poongundran Selvaprabhu, Nivetha Baskar, Vinoth Kumar Chandra Babu, Rajeshkumar Venkatesan, Vinoth Babu Kumaravelu, Sunil Chinnadurai, and Agbotiname Lucky Imoize 10.1 Introduction 335 10.2 Role of RIS-Assisted IoT Networks inWireless Positioning and Localization 338 10.3 Localization Principles and RIS-Aided Localization Algorithms 348 10.4 State-of-the-Art Research on Positioning and Localization with the Assistance of RIS in 6G-IoT 354 10.5 Potential Challenges of RIS-Aided 6G-IoT for Wireless Positioning and Localization 362 10.6 Future Research Directions 365 10.7 Conclusions 368 11 Security and Privacy Issues in RIS-Based Wireless Communication Systems 377 Nivetha Baskar, Poongundran Selvaprabhu, Vivek Menon Unnikrishnan, Vinoth Kumar Chandra Babu, Vinoth Babu Kumaravelu, Vetriveeran Rajamani, Sunil Chinnadurai, and Md. Abdul Latif Sarker 11.1 Introduction 377 11.2 RelatedWork 380 11.3 Ensuring Security and Privacy in 6G Applications Assisted by RIS 381 11.4 Various Threats and Attacks in RIS-Supported Wireless Systems 388 11.5 Secure Physical Layer Networks for RIS-Assisted System 394 11.6 Conclusions and Future Scope 398 12 AI and ML Techniques for Intelligent Power Control in RIS-Empowered Wireless Communication Systems 405 Ammar Summaq, Mukkara Prasanna Kumar, Sunil Chinnadurai, Poongundran Selvaprabhu, Vinoth Babu Kumaravelu, and Agbotiname Lucky Imoize 12.1 Introduction 405 12.2 RelatedWork 408 12.3 DRL Algorithms for RIS-Assisted Wireless Communication Systems 413 12.4 Proposed Method for Intelligent Power Control 419 12.5 Results and Analysis 425 12.6 Discussions 426 12.7 Limitations of the Survey 427 12.8 Critical Lessons Learned 427 12.9 Conclusion 428 12.10 Future Scope 428 13 An Overview of Channel Modeling and Propagation Measurements in IRS-Based Wireless Communication Systems 435 Mukkara Prasanna Kumar, Ammar Summaq, Sunil Chinnadurai, Vinoth Babu Kumaravelu, Poongundran Selvaprabhu, Agbotiname Lucky Imoize, and Gaurav Jaiswal 13.1 Introduction 435 13.2 RelatedWork 438 13.3 IRS Technology and Its Fundamental Principles 440 13.4 Channel Modeling and Propagation Measurements for Communication Systems 441 13.5 IRS Channel Modeling 448 13.6 Limitations of the Survey 464 13.7 Critical Lessons Learned 465 13.8 Potential Challenges of Propagation Measurements and Channel Modeling 465 13.9 Conclusion and Future Scope 466 14 Deep Reinforcement Algorithms in RIS-Empowered Wireless Communication Systems 475 Dang Ngoc Thien Nguyen 14.1 Introduction 475 14.2 RelatedWorks 477 14.3 What is Deep Reinforcement Learning? 480 14.4 Deep Reinforcement Learning Algorithms for RIS-Empowered Wireless Communication Systems 489 14.5 Limitations and Key Takeaways 493 14.6 Conclusion 494 15 Examining Physical Layer Security for RIS-Aided Wireless Communication Systems 499 Tuan Minh La, Hieu Tri Nguyen, and Khoi Nguyen Phan 15.1 Introduction 499 15.2 RelatedWorks 501 15.3 Fundamentals of PLS, RIS, and IoT 504 15.4 RIS-Aided PLS 509 15.5 Mathematical Analysis of PLS in an RIS-Aided NOMA Network 516 15.6 Limitations and Key Takeaways 519 15.7 Conclusion 520 16 RIS-Empowered Terrestrial and Non-terrestrial Wireless Communication Systems 525 Unwana Macaulay Ekpe 16.1 Introduction 525 16.2 Metamaterials and Metasurfaces 527 16.3 RIS-Empowered Terrestrial Communication Systems 530 16.4 RIS-Empowered Non-Terrestrial Communication Systems 540 16.5 Lessons Learned and Future Research Direction 547 16.6 Conclusion 548 17 Energy Efficiency and Optimization of RIS-Based Wireless Communication Systems 551 Kien Ho, Minh Dang Nguyen, Minh Tuan Pham, Hung Gia Truong, and Arjun Chakravarthi Pogaku 17.1 Introduction 551 17.2 Optimization for RIS-Based Transmission 555 17.3 Cooperative RIS 559 17.4 Optimization for RIS-Assisted Beamforming 563 17.5 RIS Partitioning 571 17.6 Simulation Results of Multiple RISs Systems 574 17.7 Discussion 577 17.8 Conclusion 577 References 578 Index 583
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