The Second Temple period (or Second Commonwealth), in Jewish history, is the period between 530 BCE and 70 CE, when the Second Temple of Jerusalem existed. It ended with the First Jewish Roman War and the Temple's destruction. During this period, Judaism was shaped by three major crises and their results, as various groups of Jews reacted to them differently. First came the destruction of the Jewish state (587/6 BCE), when the Hebrews lost their land, monarchy, holy city and temple and were scattered throughout the world. They consequently faced a theological crisis involving the nature, power, and goodness of God and were also threatened culturally, racially, and ceremonially as they were thrown into proximity with other peoples and religious groups. The absence of recognized prophets later in the period left them without divine guidance at a time when they felt most in need of support and direction.
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