The aim of this work is to study the secular variation in stature of human populations that inhabited central Argentina throughout the late Holocene. It was expected to find a variation in stature and a decrease in sexual dimorphism in height, associated with changes in lifestyles and subsistence strategies. The latter is related to the transition from hunting and gathering to a mixed economy, which complements the former with food production. Contrary to initial expectations, the results suggest an increase in sexual dimorphism over time, as a result of a negative secular trend in the height of female individuals and a slight trend towards an increase in the height of male individuals. The trends observed in different regions and by sex cannot be explained by a single explanatory factor. Rather, the conjunction of environmental and genetic causes may be involved in the processes that shape the height of individuals over time.
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