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The denunciation of fundamentalism in France, embodied in the law against the veil and the deportation of imams, has shifted into a systematic attack on all Muslims and Islam. This hostility is rooted in the belief that Islam cannot be integrated into French-and consequently secular and liberal-society. However, as Roy makes clear in this book, Muslim intellectuals have made it possible for Muslims to live concretely in a secularized world while maintaining the identity of a "true believer." They have formulated a language that recognizes two spaces: that of religion and that of the order of the world.In recognizing this, Roy hopes to introduce a new element into the current debate concerning Islam and democracy. He makes important distinctions between Arab and non-Arab Muslims, hegemony and tolerance, and the role of the ummah and the shariah in Muslim religious life. He pits Muslim religious revivalism against similar movements in the West, such as Evangelical Protestantism and Jehovah's Witnesses, and refutes the myth of a single "Muslim community" by detailing different groups and their inability to overcome their differences. Roy's rare portrait of the realities of immigrant Muslim life offers a necessary alternative to the popular specter of an "Islamic threat." Supporting his arguments with his extensive research on Islamic history, sociology, and politics, he calls for the creation of "a pluralistic society in which religiously inspired behaviors coexist without the intervention of laws restricting matters of conscience."