Tempus studies tense uses, ancient and modern, in great literature and everyday life and in all the major languages of western Europe. The book lays the foundation for the discipline of text linguistics as well as being a masterwork of literary criticism in the tradition of Curtius, Auerbach, and Spitzer.
Tempus studies tense uses, ancient and modern, in great literature and everyday life and in all the major languages of western Europe. The book lays the foundation for the discipline of text linguistics as well as being a masterwork of literary criticism in the tradition of Curtius, Auerbach, and Spitzer.
Translators' Note ix Introduction 1 Jane K. Brown and Marshall Brown 1 Tense in Texts 9 Tense and Time, 9 Text Linguistics, 11 A Preliminary Reflection: Obstinate Signs, 14 Tense Distribution, 17 Two Tense Groups: Discussing and Narrating, 22 On the Freedom of the Narrator, 25 2 Discussing-Narrating 32 Syntax and Communication, 32 Register, 36 Tense in Different Genres, 42 The World of Discussion, 45 The World of Narrating, 50 Tense in the Language of Children, 55 3 Perspective 60 Time in Texts, 60 The Future (using French as an example), 64 The Perfekt in German, 69 The Perfect in English, 75 Thornton Wilder: The Ides of March, 78 The Passé composé in French, 83 The Passato prossimo in Italian, 87 The Perfecto compuesto in Spanish, 91 Narration, Past, Truth, 96 4 Highlighting 101 Narrative Highlighting, 101 Narrative Tempo in the Novel, 106 Baudelaire: "Le vieux saltimbanque" (The Old Mountebank), 111 Of the Tense of Death, 117 5 Tense in Novellas and Short Stories: Highlighting vs. Aspect 121 Maupassant, 121 Pirandello, 126 Unamuno, Darío, Echegaray, 129 Hemingway, 135 Frame Narrative (Boccaccio), 142 Narration in the Middle Ages, 147 Frame and Highlighting in Modern Stories, 150 6 Tense Transitions 153 Tense in Dialogue, 153 Descartes, Rousseau, and the Sequence of Tenses, 164 7 Tense Metaphors 171 Tense Metaphors in Texts, 171 Condition and Consequence, Reality and Unreality, 180 8 Tense Combinations 186 Tense and Person, 186 Tense and Adverbs, 190 Combined Transitions, 197 Semi-finite Verbs, 205 9 A Crisis in Narration? 211 Tense in Old French, 211 Evidence of Language Consciousness in French Classicism, 217 The Time of Newspapers, 224 Albert Camus: L'étranger, 227 Oral Narration in French, 236 A Parallel: Tense in South-German Dialects, 244 10 Other Languages-Other Tenses? 252 Tense in Ancient Greek, 252 Tense in Latin, 256 Whorf, Spengler, and the Hopi Indians, 264 Toward a New Method of Description, 270 Index 275
Translators' Note ix Introduction 1 Jane K. Brown and Marshall Brown 1 Tense in Texts 9 Tense and Time, 9 Text Linguistics, 11 A Preliminary Reflection: Obstinate Signs, 14 Tense Distribution, 17 Two Tense Groups: Discussing and Narrating, 22 On the Freedom of the Narrator, 25 2 Discussing-Narrating 32 Syntax and Communication, 32 Register, 36 Tense in Different Genres, 42 The World of Discussion, 45 The World of Narrating, 50 Tense in the Language of Children, 55 3 Perspective 60 Time in Texts, 60 The Future (using French as an example), 64 The Perfekt in German, 69 The Perfect in English, 75 Thornton Wilder: The Ides of March, 78 The Passé composé in French, 83 The Passato prossimo in Italian, 87 The Perfecto compuesto in Spanish, 91 Narration, Past, Truth, 96 4 Highlighting 101 Narrative Highlighting, 101 Narrative Tempo in the Novel, 106 Baudelaire: "Le vieux saltimbanque" (The Old Mountebank), 111 Of the Tense of Death, 117 5 Tense in Novellas and Short Stories: Highlighting vs. Aspect 121 Maupassant, 121 Pirandello, 126 Unamuno, Darío, Echegaray, 129 Hemingway, 135 Frame Narrative (Boccaccio), 142 Narration in the Middle Ages, 147 Frame and Highlighting in Modern Stories, 150 6 Tense Transitions 153 Tense in Dialogue, 153 Descartes, Rousseau, and the Sequence of Tenses, 164 7 Tense Metaphors 171 Tense Metaphors in Texts, 171 Condition and Consequence, Reality and Unreality, 180 8 Tense Combinations 186 Tense and Person, 186 Tense and Adverbs, 190 Combined Transitions, 197 Semi-finite Verbs, 205 9 A Crisis in Narration? 211 Tense in Old French, 211 Evidence of Language Consciousness in French Classicism, 217 The Time of Newspapers, 224 Albert Camus: L'étranger, 227 Oral Narration in French, 236 A Parallel: Tense in South-German Dialects, 244 10 Other Languages-Other Tenses? 252 Tense in Ancient Greek, 252 Tense in Latin, 256 Whorf, Spengler, and the Hopi Indians, 264 Toward a New Method of Description, 270 Index 275
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