Restoring the manes, or deified dead of Rome, to their dominant place in the Roman afterlife, this book offers a comprehensive study of the manes, their worship, and their place in Roman conceptions of their society.
Restoring the manes, or deified dead of Rome, to their dominant place in the Roman afterlife, this book offers a comprehensive study of the manes, their worship, and their place in Roman conceptions of their society.
1. Abbreviations of Ancient Authors 2. Abbreviations of Journals and Modern Editions 3. Acknowledgments 4. Preface * A) The Afterlife: Interpretive Issues * B) The Primacy of the Manes 5. 1: Di Manes: The Godhood of the Dead * A) Manes: A General Definition * B) The Term Di Manes * C) The Manes and Roman Categories of “Gods” 6. 2: Di Manes: The Number of the Gods * A) The Plural Form Manes * B) The Worship of Individuals * C) The Chronology of Worshipping Individuals * D) The Manes of Dis Manibus 7. 3: Who Worshipped Whom? 8. A) The Complex Legacy of Fustel de Coulanges 9. B) Inheritance * 1. Scaevola’s Rules * 2. Coruncanius’ Rules * 3. The Digest 10. C) Inheritance Rules and the Diversity of Worship 11. D) Pietas, Affection, and Loyalty * 1. Familial Relationships * 2. Extensions of One’s Family * 3. The Political “Family” 12. E) Contemporary Focus (and Elite Exceptions) 13. F) Inclusiveness 14. 4: The Manes in the Context of Roman Religion: Beliefs and Variations 15. A) Variation: A Challenge to Interpretation 16. B) The Debate over Defining the Word “Belief” 17. C) Roman Implications of Nondogmatic Belief * 1. Polymorphism * 2. Pietas: Collective and Individual Relationships * 3. Orthopraxy 18. D) An Interpretive Model: Belief Clusters 19. 5: The Powers of the Dead 20. A) Power over Life and Death 21. 1. Guardians of the Living—Benefits for Individuals * a. The Extension of Life * b. Clusters within Clusters 22. 2) Guardians of the Living—Benefits for the Community * a. The Mundus * b. The Lupercalia 23. 3) Bringers of Death * a. Instruments of Vengeance * b. Destroyers of Armies and Cities 24. B) The Power to Monitor the Living * 1. Guardians of Oaths * 2. Voices from Beyond 25. C) Protectors after Death 26. D) Powers and Worshippers 27. 6: The Manes in the Context of the Funeral 28. A) Ritual Conservatism and the Potential for Generalization 29. B) The Funerary Ritual: Early Stages through the Cremation 30. C) The Afterlife in the Early Stages 31. D) At the Grave: Rites of Worship * 1. Dis Manibus Sacrum: A Point of Terminology * 2. Creating Sacred Space and Offerings to the Manes * 3. The Liberation of the Dead * 4. After the Sacrifices 32. E) The Manes at the Funeral 33. 7: Festivals, Ceremonies, and Home Shrines 34. A) The Parentalia * 1. Ovid as a Source * 2. The Ceremony 35. B) The Lemuria * 1. The Ritual Form * 2. Belief Cluster: Manes and Lemures 36. C) Personal Observances * 1. Home Shrines * 2. Further Offerings at the Tomb * 3. Lifestyle and Nonritual Offerings 37. D) Rituals: Conclusions 38. 8: Conclusion 39. Appendix 1: The Larvae 40. Appendix 2: The Decline of the Lemuria 41. Notes 42. Bibliography 43. General Index 44. Index Locorum
1. Abbreviations of Ancient Authors 2. Abbreviations of Journals and Modern Editions 3. Acknowledgments 4. Preface * A) The Afterlife: Interpretive Issues * B) The Primacy of the Manes 5. 1: Di Manes: The Godhood of the Dead * A) Manes: A General Definition * B) The Term Di Manes * C) The Manes and Roman Categories of “Gods” 6. 2: Di Manes: The Number of the Gods * A) The Plural Form Manes * B) The Worship of Individuals * C) The Chronology of Worshipping Individuals * D) The Manes of Dis Manibus 7. 3: Who Worshipped Whom? 8. A) The Complex Legacy of Fustel de Coulanges 9. B) Inheritance * 1. Scaevola’s Rules * 2. Coruncanius’ Rules * 3. The Digest 10. C) Inheritance Rules and the Diversity of Worship 11. D) Pietas, Affection, and Loyalty * 1. Familial Relationships * 2. Extensions of One’s Family * 3. The Political “Family” 12. E) Contemporary Focus (and Elite Exceptions) 13. F) Inclusiveness 14. 4: The Manes in the Context of Roman Religion: Beliefs and Variations 15. A) Variation: A Challenge to Interpretation 16. B) The Debate over Defining the Word “Belief” 17. C) Roman Implications of Nondogmatic Belief * 1. Polymorphism * 2. Pietas: Collective and Individual Relationships * 3. Orthopraxy 18. D) An Interpretive Model: Belief Clusters 19. 5: The Powers of the Dead 20. A) Power over Life and Death 21. 1. Guardians of the Living—Benefits for Individuals * a. The Extension of Life * b. Clusters within Clusters 22. 2) Guardians of the Living—Benefits for the Community * a. The Mundus * b. The Lupercalia 23. 3) Bringers of Death * a. Instruments of Vengeance * b. Destroyers of Armies and Cities 24. B) The Power to Monitor the Living * 1. Guardians of Oaths * 2. Voices from Beyond 25. C) Protectors after Death 26. D) Powers and Worshippers 27. 6: The Manes in the Context of the Funeral 28. A) Ritual Conservatism and the Potential for Generalization 29. B) The Funerary Ritual: Early Stages through the Cremation 30. C) The Afterlife in the Early Stages 31. D) At the Grave: Rites of Worship * 1. Dis Manibus Sacrum: A Point of Terminology * 2. Creating Sacred Space and Offerings to the Manes * 3. The Liberation of the Dead * 4. After the Sacrifices 32. E) The Manes at the Funeral 33. 7: Festivals, Ceremonies, and Home Shrines 34. A) The Parentalia * 1. Ovid as a Source * 2. The Ceremony 35. B) The Lemuria * 1. The Ritual Form * 2. Belief Cluster: Manes and Lemures 36. C) Personal Observances * 1. Home Shrines * 2. Further Offerings at the Tomb * 3. Lifestyle and Nonritual Offerings 37. D) Rituals: Conclusions 38. 8: Conclusion 39. Appendix 1: The Larvae 40. Appendix 2: The Decline of the Lemuria 41. Notes 42. Bibliography 43. General Index 44. Index Locorum
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