This book offers a meticulously researched, comprehensive chronology of the Congressional Page system, from the late 1700s to modern day. From the origins of the page system in 1774 to the period in the 1940s when Congress demonstrated an indifference towards the needs of providing the boys with supervised living arrangements, congressional pages have a storied past. It's a topic that can be amusing-for years, pages simply treated the Capitol as a their private playground to subject adults to their mischief-and sobering, as Congress continued to employ boys as young as eight years old, even…mehr
This book offers a meticulously researched, comprehensive chronology of the Congressional Page system, from the late 1700s to modern day. From the origins of the page system in 1774 to the period in the 1940s when Congress demonstrated an indifference towards the needs of providing the boys with supervised living arrangements, congressional pages have a storied past. It's a topic that can be amusing-for years, pages simply treated the Capitol as a their private playground to subject adults to their mischief-and sobering, as Congress continued to employ boys as young as eight years old, even after passing labor laws that prohibited it and was reluctant to provide supervised living arrangements for decades. Unlike many dry and lifeless books about Congressional history, The Children Who Ran For Congress: A History of Congressional Pages provides a lively and engaging look at the history of the page system, a topic that has largely been ignored. Based on a thorough investigation of historical documents and personal interviews, Darryl Gonzalez now tells the complete story of the young boys (and girls) who have served Congress for more than 200 years.
Darryl J. Gonzalez, PhD, is a federal employee in Washington, DC, and has worked in education for 20 years.
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Acknowledgments Chapter One Overview Introduction Part One: The Written Records Part Two: Data Gathering Interviews Chapter Two The Ancestors of Today's Pages, 1774 to 1926 Introduction Part One: America's Founding Fathers, and Her Founding Boys Congressional Messengers before 1800 The First Senate Pages The First House Pages and the First Supreme Court Page Part Two: Who Pages Were Using Young Boys as Pages Becoming a Page Appointing Orphans as Pages Special Pages Part Three: The Unique Community of Pages Pages and Their Relationships with Members Page Mischief Part Four: The Attention Paid to Formal Schooling Chapter Three Congress Passively Delegates Control of Capitol Page School to Private Individuals, 1926 to 1942 Introduction Part One: Child Advocacy Laws Put Pressure on Congress Child Labor in the District of Columbia Compulsory Education in the District of Columbia Part Two: The Page System Adds a School, 1926 to 1931 Parents Hire a Private Tutor, 1926 Laupheimer and Butler Collaborate to Form a Page School, 1927 to 1929 Devitt Assumes Control of Capitol Page School, 1929 to 1931 Part Three: Another Chance Meeting Leads to Another Page School, 1931 to 1942 Kendall and McClintic Collaborate to Form a Page School, 1931 Kendall's Capitol Page School Grows, 1932 to 1942 Part Four: Kendall and the Roosevelt White House Part Five: Pages in the News, 1939 to 1940 Chapter Four Senator Burton Advocates for Pages, 1942 to 1949 Introduction Part One: Burton Visits Page School and Effects Change Part Two: Burton's Involvement Continues, 1942 to 1943 Part Three: The Little Congress and Alice Tuohy Part Four: The House Committee on Public Buildings and Grounds, October 1943 Part Five: Fallout from Tuohy's Letter, December 1943 to the Summer of 1944 Part Six: Setbacks for Kendall, 1944-1945 School Year Introduction President Roosevelt Dies; Truman Abandons Diplomatic School, April 1945 Anderson Attacks Kendall and Page School, May 1945 Congressional Hearings to Investigate Page School, June 1945 Part Seven: Pages Secure a Residence, and the 1945-1946 School Year Part Eight: Page School Goes from Private Control to Public, and the 1946-1947 School Year Part Nine: Capitol Page School Operates under Public Control, 1947-1949 The 1947-1948 School Year The 1948-1949 School Year Chapter Five Attempts at Change and Institutional Inertia, 1949 to 1982 Introduction Part One: Page School Outgrows Its Space in the Capitol Page School Moves Up in the World, from Basement to Attic, 1949 Plans to Move Page School to the New Senate Office Building, 1949 to 1958 Part Two: A Page Residence and More Inertia, 1951 to 1963 Review of Legislation, 1951 to 1956 Early Attempts at Change, 1956 The Change Effort Gains Momentum, 1956-1957 School Year Efforts to Secure Housing Continue, 1959 to 1963 A Congressional Hearing and the Washington Post Series, 1963 Part Three: Edith Green Gives the Change Movement New Focus, 1964 to 1965 Green's Committee Chinks Away at Institutional Inertia, 1964 Green Fights for Change Again, 1964 to 1965 The Aftereffects of Green's Advocacy, 1965 Part Four: Continued Attempts at Change, 1966 to 1982 The Period of Policy Churn Continues, 1966 to 1970 The Period of Inertia Continues, 1970 to 1975 Focus Turns to Page School, 1976 to 1978 Part Five: Key Players Look Back and Comment on the Page System Part Six: Pages in the News, 1957 Part Seven: Accreditation at a Boarding School with No Boarding Facilities, 1949 to 1974 Chapter Six Marginalized Groups within the Page System Introduction Part One: African American Pages, 1954 to 1965 Part Two: Congress Wrestles with Allowing Female Pages, 1917 to 1971 The "First" Female Page, 1939 Girls Test the Page System, 1939 to 1954 Senators Javits and Percy Force the Issue, 1970 to 1971 Part Three: Supreme Court Pages Chapter Seven Capitol Page School Is Closed, 1982 to 1983 Introduction Part One: Pages Embarrass Congress with Accusations, June 1982 Part Two: The Task Force Recommends Changes Part Three: Senate Page School Remains a Public-Private School under DCBOE and House Page School Becomes an Independent School Part Four: Robert Knautz Founds the New House Page School Part Five: House Page School Opens, September 1983 Postscript Chapter Eight Discussion Part One: Changes and Inertia at Page School Part Two: Changes and Inertia Concerning a Residence Part Three: Changes and Inertia in Admitting Minorities Part Four: Conclusion and Remaining Questions Appendix 1: Timeline Appendix 2: List of Interviews Notes Index
Acknowledgments Chapter One Overview Introduction Part One: The Written Records Part Two: Data Gathering Interviews Chapter Two The Ancestors of Today's Pages, 1774 to 1926 Introduction Part One: America's Founding Fathers, and Her Founding Boys Congressional Messengers before 1800 The First Senate Pages The First House Pages and the First Supreme Court Page Part Two: Who Pages Were Using Young Boys as Pages Becoming a Page Appointing Orphans as Pages Special Pages Part Three: The Unique Community of Pages Pages and Their Relationships with Members Page Mischief Part Four: The Attention Paid to Formal Schooling Chapter Three Congress Passively Delegates Control of Capitol Page School to Private Individuals, 1926 to 1942 Introduction Part One: Child Advocacy Laws Put Pressure on Congress Child Labor in the District of Columbia Compulsory Education in the District of Columbia Part Two: The Page System Adds a School, 1926 to 1931 Parents Hire a Private Tutor, 1926 Laupheimer and Butler Collaborate to Form a Page School, 1927 to 1929 Devitt Assumes Control of Capitol Page School, 1929 to 1931 Part Three: Another Chance Meeting Leads to Another Page School, 1931 to 1942 Kendall and McClintic Collaborate to Form a Page School, 1931 Kendall's Capitol Page School Grows, 1932 to 1942 Part Four: Kendall and the Roosevelt White House Part Five: Pages in the News, 1939 to 1940 Chapter Four Senator Burton Advocates for Pages, 1942 to 1949 Introduction Part One: Burton Visits Page School and Effects Change Part Two: Burton's Involvement Continues, 1942 to 1943 Part Three: The Little Congress and Alice Tuohy Part Four: The House Committee on Public Buildings and Grounds, October 1943 Part Five: Fallout from Tuohy's Letter, December 1943 to the Summer of 1944 Part Six: Setbacks for Kendall, 1944-1945 School Year Introduction President Roosevelt Dies; Truman Abandons Diplomatic School, April 1945 Anderson Attacks Kendall and Page School, May 1945 Congressional Hearings to Investigate Page School, June 1945 Part Seven: Pages Secure a Residence, and the 1945-1946 School Year Part Eight: Page School Goes from Private Control to Public, and the 1946-1947 School Year Part Nine: Capitol Page School Operates under Public Control, 1947-1949 The 1947-1948 School Year The 1948-1949 School Year Chapter Five Attempts at Change and Institutional Inertia, 1949 to 1982 Introduction Part One: Page School Outgrows Its Space in the Capitol Page School Moves Up in the World, from Basement to Attic, 1949 Plans to Move Page School to the New Senate Office Building, 1949 to 1958 Part Two: A Page Residence and More Inertia, 1951 to 1963 Review of Legislation, 1951 to 1956 Early Attempts at Change, 1956 The Change Effort Gains Momentum, 1956-1957 School Year Efforts to Secure Housing Continue, 1959 to 1963 A Congressional Hearing and the Washington Post Series, 1963 Part Three: Edith Green Gives the Change Movement New Focus, 1964 to 1965 Green's Committee Chinks Away at Institutional Inertia, 1964 Green Fights for Change Again, 1964 to 1965 The Aftereffects of Green's Advocacy, 1965 Part Four: Continued Attempts at Change, 1966 to 1982 The Period of Policy Churn Continues, 1966 to 1970 The Period of Inertia Continues, 1970 to 1975 Focus Turns to Page School, 1976 to 1978 Part Five: Key Players Look Back and Comment on the Page System Part Six: Pages in the News, 1957 Part Seven: Accreditation at a Boarding School with No Boarding Facilities, 1949 to 1974 Chapter Six Marginalized Groups within the Page System Introduction Part One: African American Pages, 1954 to 1965 Part Two: Congress Wrestles with Allowing Female Pages, 1917 to 1971 The "First" Female Page, 1939 Girls Test the Page System, 1939 to 1954 Senators Javits and Percy Force the Issue, 1970 to 1971 Part Three: Supreme Court Pages Chapter Seven Capitol Page School Is Closed, 1982 to 1983 Introduction Part One: Pages Embarrass Congress with Accusations, June 1982 Part Two: The Task Force Recommends Changes Part Three: Senate Page School Remains a Public-Private School under DCBOE and House Page School Becomes an Independent School Part Four: Robert Knautz Founds the New House Page School Part Five: House Page School Opens, September 1983 Postscript Chapter Eight Discussion Part One: Changes and Inertia at Page School Part Two: Changes and Inertia Concerning a Residence Part Three: Changes and Inertia in Admitting Minorities Part Four: Conclusion and Remaining Questions Appendix 1: Timeline Appendix 2: List of Interviews Notes Index
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