People differ in terms of how morally deserving they are. And it is a good thing if people get what they deserve. Accordingly, it is important to work out an adequate theory of moral desert. But while certain aspects of such a theory have been frequently discussed in the philosophical literature, many others have been surprisingly neglected. The Geometry of Desert explores a number of these less familiar questions, using graphs to illustrate the various possible answers. The result is a more careful investigation into the nature of moral desert than has ever previously been offered, one that…mehr
People differ in terms of how morally deserving they are. And it is a good thing if people get what they deserve. Accordingly, it is important to work out an adequate theory of moral desert. But while certain aspects of such a theory have been frequently discussed in the philosophical literature, many others have been surprisingly neglected. The Geometry of Desert explores a number of these less familiar questions, using graphs to illustrate the various possible answers. The result is a more careful investigation into the nature of moral desert than has ever previously been offered, one that reveals desert to have a hidden complexity that most of us have failed to recognize.The Geometry of Desert explores the hidden complexity of moral desert. Using graphs to illustrate and contrast alternative views, it carefully investigates the various ways in which the value of an outcome varies when people get (or fail to get) what they deserve.
Shelly Kagan is the Clark Professor of Philosophy at Yale, where he has taught since 1995.
Inhaltsangabe
Preface Acknowledgments A Note to the Reader 1. MORAL DESERT 1.1 A Familiar Thought 1.2 Some Familiar Questions 1.3 Skepticism 1.4 Intrinsic Value 1.5 Unfamiliar Questions PART I: NONCOMPARATIVE DESERT 2. FAULT FORFEITS FIRST 2.1 The Basic View 2.2 Pluralism 2.3 Extending the Account 2.4 Discount Rates and Multipliers 3. DESERT GRAPHS 3.1 Graphs 3.2 Varying Slopes 3.3 Rotation 3.4 Peaks 3.5 Multiple Peaks 3.6 Comparing Sides 3.7 Bell Motion 3.8 The Sym Mountain 3.9 Shift 4. SKYLINES 4.1 The Occupation of the X Axis 4.2 Constant Skylines 4.3 The V Shaped Skyline 4.4 Varieties of Desert 4.5 Taking Stock PART II: COMPLICATIONS AND ALTERNATIVES 5. OTHER SHAPES 5.1 Plateaus 5.2 Retributivism and Plateaus 5.3 Simple Straight Lines 5.4 Bent Lines 5.5 Curved Desert 5.6 Detailing Curved Desert 5.7 Curved Plateaus 6. PLACING PEAKS 6.1 The Mapping Function 6.2 Curved Mapping Functions 6.3 Revisiting the Sym Mountain 6.4 Revisiting the V Shaped Skyline 6.5 Further Constraints on the Skyline 6.6 The Logical Limits of Bell Motion 6.7 Disaggregation PART III: COMPARATIVE DESERT 7. THE RATIO VIEW 7.1 The Idea of Comparative Desert 7.2 Problems for the Ratio View 7.3 Optimism 7.4 The Impossibility Defense 7.5 Absolute Zero 8. SIMILAR OFFENSE 8.1 The Y Gap View 8.2 Reconsidering the Cases 8.3 More on the Y Gap Constraint 8.4 Percentages 8.5 A Fourth View 9. GRAPHING COMPARATIVE DESERT 9.1 Relative Advantage 9.2 Two Problems 9.3 Graphing the X Gap View 9.4 Motion Along the Y Axis 9.5 Graphing the Y Gap View 10. VARIATION 10.1 Comparative Bell Motion 10.2 Comparative Skylines 10.3 Moral Significance Again 10.4 Two More Possibilities 10.5 One Size Fits All 10.6 Sliding Up 11. GROUPS 11.1 Two Approaches 11.2 Size 11.3 Another Look 11.4 Adjusting the Graphs 11.5 Variable Steepness Reconsidered PART IV: DESERT 12. DESERT TAKEN AS A WHOLE 12.1 Partial Values 12.2 Open Questions 12.3 Rough Comparability 12.4 Another Series 12.5 Other Values 13. RESERVATIONS 13.1 Deontology 13.2 Methodology 13.3 Ideology Endnotes References Index
Preface Acknowledgments A Note to the Reader 1. MORAL DESERT 1.1 A Familiar Thought 1.2 Some Familiar Questions 1.3 Skepticism 1.4 Intrinsic Value 1.5 Unfamiliar Questions PART I: NONCOMPARATIVE DESERT 2. FAULT FORFEITS FIRST 2.1 The Basic View 2.2 Pluralism 2.3 Extending the Account 2.4 Discount Rates and Multipliers 3. DESERT GRAPHS 3.1 Graphs 3.2 Varying Slopes 3.3 Rotation 3.4 Peaks 3.5 Multiple Peaks 3.6 Comparing Sides 3.7 Bell Motion 3.8 The Sym Mountain 3.9 Shift 4. SKYLINES 4.1 The Occupation of the X Axis 4.2 Constant Skylines 4.3 The V Shaped Skyline 4.4 Varieties of Desert 4.5 Taking Stock PART II: COMPLICATIONS AND ALTERNATIVES 5. OTHER SHAPES 5.1 Plateaus 5.2 Retributivism and Plateaus 5.3 Simple Straight Lines 5.4 Bent Lines 5.5 Curved Desert 5.6 Detailing Curved Desert 5.7 Curved Plateaus 6. PLACING PEAKS 6.1 The Mapping Function 6.2 Curved Mapping Functions 6.3 Revisiting the Sym Mountain 6.4 Revisiting the V Shaped Skyline 6.5 Further Constraints on the Skyline 6.6 The Logical Limits of Bell Motion 6.7 Disaggregation PART III: COMPARATIVE DESERT 7. THE RATIO VIEW 7.1 The Idea of Comparative Desert 7.2 Problems for the Ratio View 7.3 Optimism 7.4 The Impossibility Defense 7.5 Absolute Zero 8. SIMILAR OFFENSE 8.1 The Y Gap View 8.2 Reconsidering the Cases 8.3 More on the Y Gap Constraint 8.4 Percentages 8.5 A Fourth View 9. GRAPHING COMPARATIVE DESERT 9.1 Relative Advantage 9.2 Two Problems 9.3 Graphing the X Gap View 9.4 Motion Along the Y Axis 9.5 Graphing the Y Gap View 10. VARIATION 10.1 Comparative Bell Motion 10.2 Comparative Skylines 10.3 Moral Significance Again 10.4 Two More Possibilities 10.5 One Size Fits All 10.6 Sliding Up 11. GROUPS 11.1 Two Approaches 11.2 Size 11.3 Another Look 11.4 Adjusting the Graphs 11.5 Variable Steepness Reconsidered PART IV: DESERT 12. DESERT TAKEN AS A WHOLE 12.1 Partial Values 12.2 Open Questions 12.3 Rough Comparability 12.4 Another Series 12.5 Other Values 13. RESERVATIONS 13.1 Deontology 13.2 Methodology 13.3 Ideology Endnotes References Index
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