Michael B. Smith

Biochemistry (eBook, ePUB)

An Organic Chemistry Approach

• Format: ePub

Produktbeschreibung

Reactions in biochemistry can be explained by an understanding of fundamental organic chemistry principles and reactions. This paradigm is extended to biochemical principles and to a myriad of biomolecules. The text provides a framework for understanding various topics in biochemistry, including the chemical behavior of biomolecules, enzyme activity, and more. It goes beyond mere memorization. Using several techniques to develop a relational understanding, including homework, this text helps students fully grasp and better correlate essential organic chemistry concepts with those at the root of biochemistry. The goal is to achieve a better understanding of the fundamental principles of biochemistry.

Key Features

• Presents a review chapter of fundamental organic chemistry principles and reactions.
• Presents and explains the fundamental principles of biochemistry using principles and common reactions of organic chemistry.
• Discusses enzymes, proteins, fatty acids, lipids, vitamins, hormones, nucleic acids and other biomolecules by comparing and contrasting them with the organic chemistry reactions that constitute the foundation of these classes of biomolecules.
• Discusses the organic synthesis and reactions of amino acids, carbohydrates, nucleic acids and other biomolecules.

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Produktdetails

• Verlag: Taylor & Francis eBooks
• Seitenzahl: 404
• Erscheinungstermin: 23. Januar 2026
• Englisch
• ISBN-13: 9781040664131
• Artikelnr.: 76140682

Autorenporträt

Professor Michael B. Smith was born in Detroit, Michigan in 1946 and moved to Madison Heights, Virginia in 1957, where he attended high school at Amherst County High School. He received an A.A. from Ferrum College in 1967 and a B.S. in chemistry from Virginia Polytechnic Institute in 1969. After working for three years at the Newport News Shipbuilding and Dry Dock Co. in Newport News VA as an analytical chemist, he entered graduate school at Purdue University. He received a Ph.D. in Organic chemistry in 1977, under the auspices of Professor Joe Wolinsky. Professor Smith spent one year as a faculty research associate at the Arizona State University with Professor G. Robert Pettit, working on the isolation of cytotoxic principles from plants and sponges. He spent a second year of postdoctoral work with Professor Sidney M. Hecht at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, working on the synthesis of bleomycin A2. Professor Smith began his academic career at the University of Connecticut in 1979, where he achieved the rank of professor of chemistry. In 1986 he spent a sabbatical leave in the laboratories of Professor Leon Ghosez, at the Université Catholique de Louvain in Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium, as a visiting professor. He retired as a full professor from the University of Connecticut on January 1, 2017, and is currently pursuing his interests as an author.

Inhaltsangabe

Contents Preface...............................................................................................................................................xi Author............................................................................................................................................. xiii Common Abbreviations....................................................................................................................xv Chapter 1 Fundamental Principles of Organic Chemistry............................................................1 1.1 Bonding and Orbitals.........................................................................................1 1.2 Ionic versus Covalent Chemical Bonds..............................................................2 1.3 Breaking Covalent Bonds...................................................................................3 1.4 Polarized Covalent
-Bonds...............................................................................4 1.5 Reactive Intermediates.......................................................................................5 1.6 Alkanes and Isomers..........................................................................................7 1.7 The IUPAC Rules of Nomenclature...................................................................8 1.8 Rings Made of Carbon: Cyclic Compounds..................................................... 11 1.9 Hydrocarbon Functional Groups...................................................................... 11 1.10 Heteroatom Functional Groups........................................................................ 13 1.10.1 C-X Type Functional Groups........................................................... 13 1.10.2 C=X Type Functional Groups............................................................. 17 1.11 Hydrogen-Bonding and Solubility.................................................................... 21 1.12 Rotamers and Conformation............................................................................24 1.13 Conformations with Functional Groups...........................................................30 1.14 Conformation of Cyclic Molecules.................................................................. 31 1.15 Stereogenic Carbons and Stereoisomers.......................................................... 37 1.16 Absolute Configuration [(R) and (S) Nomenclature]........................................ 39 1.17 Specific Rotation..............................................................................................44 1.18 Diastereomers...................................................................................................46 1.19 Alkene Stereoisomers: (E) and (Z )-Isomers..................................................... 51 Homework...................................................................................................................54 Chapter 2 The Importance of Water in Biochemical Systems..................................................... 55 2.1 Hydrogen Bonding............................................................................................ 55 2.2 Solubility.......................................................................................................... 58 2.3 Water Molecules in Biological Systems........................................................... 59 2.4 Acid-Base Equilibria in Water......................................................................... 61 2.5 Buffers..............................................................................................................65 2.6 Structural Features That Influence Acid Strength............................................66 2.7 Acid and Base Character of Alcohols, Thiols, Amines and Carbonyls........... 67 2.7.1 Acids.................................................................................................... 67 2.7.2 Bases....................................................................................................69 2.8 Elimination Reactions of Alkyl Halides (E2 and E1 Reactions)..................... 71 2.9 Acid-Base Equilibria in Amino Acids............................................................. 74 2.10 Directionality.................................................................................................... 78 Homework...................................................................................................................80 Chapter 3 Nucleophiles and Electrophiles...................................................................................83 3.1 Nucleophiles and Bimolecular Substitution (the SN2 Reaction).......................83 3.2 Nucleophilic Substitution with Alcohols, Ethers, Amines, or Phosphines......85 3.3 Carbocations and the SN1 Reaction..................................................................88 3.4 Ethers and Thioethers as Nucleophiles............................................................90 3.5 Chemical Reactions of Carbonyl Groups.........................................................93 3.6 Biochemical Reactions of Ketones and Aldehydes..........................................96 3.7 Carboxylic Acid Derivatives and Acyl Substitution.........................................97 3.8 Biological Hydrolysis...................................................................................... 102 Homework................................................................................................................. 106 Chapter 4 Radicals..................................................................................................................... 109 4.1 Structure of Radicals...................................................................................... 109 4.2 Formation of Radicals in Organic Chemistry................................................ 110 4.3 Reactions of Radicals..................................................................................... 111 4.4 Formation of Radicals in Biological Systems................................................ 112 4.5 Radicals in Biological Systems...................................................................... 114 4.6 Radical Reactions in Biochemical Systems................................................... 116 4.7 Radicals and Cancer....................................................................................... 118 Homework................................................................................................................. 119 Chapter 5 Dienes and Conjugated Carbonyl Compounds in Biochemistry............................... 121 5.1 Conjugated Dienes and Conjugated Carbonyl Compounds........................... 121 5.2 Reactions of Conjugated Compounds............................................................124 5.3 Conjugate (Michael) Addition........................................................................ 127 5.4 Enzyme-Mediated Conjugate Additions........................................................ 128 5.5 Sigmatropic Rearrangement Reactions.......................................................... 129 5.6 Enzyme-Mediated Sigmatropic Rearrangements........................................... 132 Homework................................................................................................................. 133 Chapter 6 Enolates and Enolate Anions.................................................................................... 135 6.1 Aldehydes and Ketones Are Weak Acids....................................................... 135 6.2 Formation of Enolate Anions......................................................................... 136 6.3 The Aldol Condensation................................................................................. 137 6.4 Enzyme-Mediated Aldol Condensations........................................................ 138 6.5 The Claisen Condensation.............................................................................. 141 6.6 Enzyme-Mediated Claisen Condensation...................................................... 142 6.7 Decarboxylation............................................................................................. 143 Homework................................................................................................................. 144 Chapter 7 Enzymes.................................................................................................................... 147 7.1 Enzyme Kinetics............................................................................................ 147 7.1.1 Kinetics in Organic Chemistry......................................................... 147 7.1.2 Catalysts and Catalytic Reactions..................................................... 149 7.1.3 Enzyme Kinetics............................................................................... 149 7.2 Enzymes and Enzyme Classes....................................................................... 153 7.3 Oxidoreductases (EC 1).................................................................................. 157 7.3.1 Chemical Oxidation of Alcohols....................................................... 157 7.3.2 Oxidases............................................................................................ 159 7.3.3 Chemical Reduction of Carbonyl Compounds.................................. 161 7.3.4 Reductases......................................................................................... 162 7.4 Transferases (EC 2)........................................................................................ 163 7.4.1 Chemical Reactions That Incorporate Methyl, Hydroxyl, Glycosyl or Amino Groups into New Molecules.............................. 163 7.4.2 Methyl, Hydroxyl, Thiol, and Glycosyl Transferases........................ 166 7.5 Hydrolyases (EC 3)......................................................................................... 168 7.5.1 Chemical Hydrolysis......................................................................... 169 7.5.2 Esterases............................................................................................ 170 7.5.3 Other Hydrolyases............................................................................. 171 7.6 Lyases (EC 4)................................................................................................. 174 7.6.1 Bond Cleavage in Organic Chemistry............................................... 174 7.6.1.1 Decarboxylation................................................................. 174 7.6.1.2 Enol Formation and the Acid-Catalyzed Aldol................. 175 7.6.1.3 Dehydration Reactions....................................................... 176 7.6.1.4 [2+2]-Photocycloaddition................................................... 177 7.6.2 Lyase Reactions................................................................................. 178 7.7 Isomerases (EC 5).......................................................................................... 180 7.7.1 Chemical Isomerization Reactions.................................................... 181 7.7.2 Isomerase Reactions.......................................................................... 184 7.8 Ligases (EC 6)................................................................................................ 185 7.8.1 Chemical Methods for Carboxylation and Nucleotide Synthesis..... 185 7.8.1.1 Reactions with Carbon Dioxide......................................... 185 7.8.1.2 Synthesis of Polynucleotides and Polynucleosides............ 186 7.8.2 Enzymatic Coupling.......................................................................... 187 7.9 Translocases (EC 7)........................................................................................ 189 7.9.1 Enzymatic Transport Reactions........................................................ 189 7.9.2 Transport of Organic Materials......................................................... 189 Homework................................................................................................................. 190 Chapter 8 Lipids......................................................................................................................... 193 8.1 Carboxylic Acids and Esters.......................................................................... 193 8.2 Nitrate Esters, Sulfate Esters, and Phosphate Esters...................................... 196 8.3 Lipid Classes.................................................................................................. 199 8.4 Chemical Synthesis of Esters.........................................................................203 8.5 Biosynthesis and Biodegradation of Esters....................................................205 Homework.................................................................................................................209 Chapter 9 Aromatic Compounds and Heterocyclic Compounds............................................... 211 9.1 Benzene and Aromaticity............................................................................... 211 9.2 Benzene Is a Carcinogen................................................................................ 213 9.3 Functionalized Benzene Derivatives.............................................................. 214 9.4 Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution: The SEAr Reaction.............................. 216 9.5 Enzymatic SEAr Reactions............................................................................. 219 9.6 Reduction of Aromatic Compounds...............................................................222 9.7 Biological Reduction of Aromatic Rings.......................................................224 9.8 Nucleophilic Aromatic Substitution. The SNAr Reaction..............................225 9.9 Enzymatic SNAr Reactions.............................................................................226 9.10 Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons.............................................................227 9.11 Heteroaromatic Compounds: Nitrogen, Oxygen, or Sulfur............................230 9.12 Reactions of Heteroaromatic Compounds...................................................... 233 9.13 Enzymatic Reactions That Generate Heterocyclic Compounds....................234 9.14 Reduced Forms of Nitrogen, Oxygen, and Sulfur Heterocycles....................238 9.15 Heteroaromatic Compounds with More Than One Ring............................... 239 Homework.................................................................................................................240 Chapter 10 Carbon-Metal Bonds, Chelating Agents and Coordination Complexes................... 243 10.1 Organometallics............................................................................................. 243 10.2 Organometallics in Organic Chemistry......................................................... 243 10.3 Biologically Relevant Metals..........................................................................246 10.4 Chelating Agents............................................................................................248 Homework................................................................................................................. 251 Chapter 11 Amino Acids............................................................................................................. 253 11.1 Characteristics of Amino Acids..................................................................... 253 11.2 Structure of
-Amino Acids........................................................................... 255 Homework................................................................................................................. 259 Chapter 12 Peptides and Proteins................................................................................................ 261 12.1 Reactions and Synthesis of
-Amino Acids................................................... 261 12.2 Amino Acid Biosynthesis............................................................................... 267 12.3 Peptides Are Poly(amides) of Amino Acid Residues.....................................268 12.4 Chemical Synthesis of Peptides...................................................................... 274 12.5 Peptide Biosynthesis.......................................................................................277 12.6 Proteins and Enzymes Are Poly(peptides).....................................................280 12.7 Peptide Degradation and End Group Identification.......................................280 12.8 Peptidases.......................................................................................................284 Homework.................................................................................................................285 Chapter 13 Carbohydrates...........................................................................................................287 13.1 (Poly)hydroxy Carbonyl Compounds.............................................................287 13.2 Monosaccharides............................................................................................288 13.3 Mutarotation...................................................................................................293 13.4 The Anomeric Effect......................................................................................294 13.5 Ketose Monosaccharides................................................................................295 Homework.................................................................................................................297 Chapter 14 Glycosides.................................................................................................................299 14.1 Monosaccharides............................................................................................299 14.2 Disaccharides, Trisaccharides, Oligosaccharides, and Polysaccharides........300 14.3 Reactions of Carbohydrates............................................................................ 301 14.4 Biologically Important Glycosides.................................................................305 14.5 Biosynthesis of Carbohydrates and Glycosides..............................................308 14.6 Biodegradation of Carbohydrates and Glycosides......................................... 313 Homework................................................................................................................. 316 Chapter 15 Nucleic Acids, Nucleosides and Nucleotides............................................................ 317 15.1 Nucleosides and Nucleotides.......................................................................... 317 15.2 Polynucleotides............................................................................................... 320 15.3 Chemical Synthesis of Nucleotides................................................................ 325 15.4 Biosynthesis of Nucleotides............................................................................ 328 15.5 Ribozymes...................................................................................................... 330 15.6 Hydrolysis of RNA and DNA......................................................................... 332 15.7 RNA-Mediated Programmable DNA Cleavage............................................. 333 15.8 Restriction Enzymes....................................................................................... 334 Homework................................................................................................................. 336 Chapter 16 Answers to Homework Problems.............................................................................. 337 Chapter 1................................................................................................................... 337 Chapter 2................................................................................................................... 338 Chapter 3................................................................................................................... 339 Chapter 4................................................................................................................... 341 Chapter 5................................................................................................................... 343 Chapter 6...................................................................................................................344 Chapter 7................................................................................................................... 345 Chapter 8...................................................................................................................349 Chapter 9................................................................................................................... 350 Chapter 10................................................................................................................. 352 Chapter 11................................................................................................................. 353 Chapter 12................................................................................................................. 354 Chapter 13................................................................................................................. 356 Chapter 14................................................................................................................. 358 Chapter 15................................................................................................................. 361 Index............................................................................................................................................... 363