Ton J. Cleophas, Aeilko H. Zwinderman

Clinical Data Analysis on a Pocket Calculator (eBook, PDF)

Understanding the Scientific Methods of Statistical Reasoning and Hypothesis Testing

• Format: PDF

Produktbeschreibung

In everyone's life the day comes that medical and health care has the highest priority. It is unbelievable, that a field, so important, uses the scientific method so little. The current book is helpful for implementation of the scientific method in the daily life of medical and health care workers. From readers' comments to the first editions of this work, the authors came to realize that statistical software programs is experienced by professionals in the field as black box programs producing lots of p-values, but little answers to scientific questions, and many readers had not been happy with that situation. The pocket calculator analyses appeared to be, particularly, appreciated, because they enabled readers for the first time to understand the scientific methods of statistical reasoning and hypothesis testing. So much so, that it started something like a new dimension in their professional world.

We should add a number of statistical methods can be performed more easily on a pocket calculator, than using a software program. Also, there are some specific advantages of the pocket calculator method. You better understand what you are doing. The pocket calculator works faster, because far less steps have to be taken, averages can be used. With statistical software all individual data have to be included separately, a time-consuming activity in case of large data files. Some analytical methods, for example, power calculations and required sample size calculations are difficult on a statistical software program, and easy on a pocket calculator.

The reason for a rewrite was to give updated and upgraded versions of the forty chapters from the first editions, including the valuable comments of readers. Like in the textbook complementary to the current work, entitled "SPSS for Starters and 2nd Levelers" (Springer Heidelberg 2015, from the same authors), an improved structure of the chapters was produced, including background, main purpose, scientific question, schematic overview of data files, and reference sections. In addition, for the analysis of more complex data twenty novel chapters were written. We showed that, also here, a pocket calculator can be very helpful.

For the readers' convenience the chapters have been reclassified according to the most basic difference in data characteristics: continuous outcome data (34 chapters), binary outcome data (26 chapters). Both hypothesized and real data examples are used to explain the sixty pocket calculator methods described. The arithmetic is of a no-more-than high-school level.

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Produktdetails

• Verlag: Springer International Publishing
• Seitenzahl: 334
• Erscheinungstermin: 22. Januar 2016
• Englisch
• ISBN-13: 9783319271040
• Artikelnr.: 44599371

Autorenporträt

The authors are well-qualified in their field. Professor Zwinderman is past-president of the International Society of Biostatistics (2012-2015), and Professor Cleophas is past-president of the American College of Angiology (2000-2002). From their expertise they should be able to make adequate selections of modern methods for clinical data analysis for the benefit of physicians, students, and investigators. The authors have been working and publishing together for 17 years, and their research can be characterized as a continued effort to demonstrate that clinical data analysis is not mathematics but rather a discipline at the interface of biology and mathematics.

The authors as professors and teachers in statistics at universities in The Netherlands and France for the most part of their lives, are convinced that the scientific method of statistical reasoning and hypothesis testing is little used by physicians and other health workers, and they hope that the current productionwill help them find the appropriate ways for answering their scientific questions.

Three textbooks complementary to the current production and written by the same authors are Statistics applied to clinical studies 5th edition, 2012, Machine learning in medicine a complete overview, 2015, SPSS for starters and 2nd levelers, 2015, all of them edited by Springer Heidelberg Germany.

Inhaltsangabe

Preface.-I Continuous Outcome Data.- Data Spread, Standard Deviations.- Data Summaries:Histograms, Wide and Narrow Gaussian Curves.- Null-Hypothesis Testing withGraphs.- Null-Hypothesis Testing with the T-table.- One-Sample Continuous Data (One-SampleT-Test, One-Sample Wilcoxon.- Paired Continuous Data (Paired T-Test, Two-SampleWilcoxon Signed Rank Test).- Unpaired Continuous Data (Unpaired T-Test,Mann-Whitney).- Linear Regression (Regression Coefficients, CorrelationCoefficients, and their StandardErrors).- Kendall-Tau Regressionfor Ordinal Data.- Paired Continuous Data, Analysis with Help of CorrelationCoefficients.- Power Equations.- Sample Size Calculations.- ConfidenceIntervals.- Equivalence Testing instead of Null-Hypothesis Testing.- NoninferiorityTesting instead of Null-Hypothesis Testing.- Superiority Testing instead ofNull-Hypothesis Testing.- Missing Data Imputation.- Bonferroni Adjustments.- Unpaired Analysis of Variance(ANOVA).- Paired Analysis of Variance (ANOVA).-VariabilityAnalysis for One or Two Samples.- 22 Variability Analysis for Three or More Samples.-Confounding.- Propensity Score and Propensity Score Matching for MultipleConfounders.- Interaction.- Accuracy and Reliability Assessments.- Robust Testsfor Imperfect Data.- Non-linear Modeling on a Pocket Calculator.- FuzzyModeling for Imprecise and Incomplete Data.-Bhattacharya Modeling for Unmasking Hidden Gaussian Curves.- Item ResponseModeling instead of Classical Linear Analysis of Questionnaires.- Meta-Analysis.- Goodness of Fit Tests for Identifying Nonnormal Data.-Non-Parametric Tests for Three or More Samples (Friedman and Kruskal-Wallis).- IIBinary Outcome Data.-Data Spread: StandardDeviation, One Sample Z- Test, One Sample Binomial Test.- Z-Tests.- Phi Testsfor Nominal Data.- 38 Chi-Square Tests.-Fisher Exact Tests Convenient for Small Samples.- Confounding.- Interaction.- Chi-squareTests for Large Cross-Tabs.- Logarithmic Transformations, a Great Help to StatisticalAnalyses .- Odds Ratios, a Short-Cut for AnalyzingCross-Tabs.- Log odds, the Basis of Logistic Regression.- Log Likelihood Ratio Testsfor the Best Precision.- Hierarchical Loglinear Models for Higher Order Cross-Tabs.- McNemar Tests for Paired Cross-Tabs.-McNemar Odds Ratios.- Power Equations.- Sample Size Calculations.- AccuracyAssessments.- Reliability Assessments.- Unmasking Fudged Data.- Markov Modelingfor Predictions outside the Range of Observations.- Binary Partitioning with CART (Classificationand Regression Tree) Methods.- Meta-Analysis.- Physicians' Daily Life and theScientific Method.- Incident Analysis and the Scientific Method.- Cochran Testsfor Large Paired Cross-Tabs.-Index.