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A broad overview of the interaction of DNA with surfactants and polymers Due to the potential benefits of biotechnology, interest in the interaction between DNA and surfactants and polymers has become increasingly significant. Now, DNA Interactions with Polymers and Surfactants provides an extensive, up-to-date overview of the subject, giving readers a basis for understanding the factors leading to complexation between DNA and different cosolutes, including metal ions, polyelectrolytes, spermine, spermidine, surfactants and lipids, and proteins. Topical coverage includes: * Polyelectrolytes,…mehr
A broad overview of the interaction of DNA with surfactants and polymers Due to the potential benefits of biotechnology, interest in the interaction between DNA and surfactants and polymers has become increasingly significant. Now, DNA Interactions with Polymers and Surfactants provides an extensive, up-to-date overview of the subject, giving readers a basis for understanding the factors leading to complexation between DNA and different cosolutes, including metal ions, polyelectrolytes, spermine, spermidine, surfactants and lipids, and proteins. Topical coverage includes: * Polyelectrolytes, physico-chemical aspects and biological significance * Solution behavior of nucleic acids * Single DNA molecules: compaction and decompaction * Interaction of DNA with surfactants and cationic polymers * Interactions of histones with DNA * DNA-DNA interactions * The hydration of DNA-amphiphile complexes * DNA-surfactant/lipid complexes at liquid interfaces * DNA and DNA-surfactant complexes at solid surfaces * The role of correlation forces for DNA-cosolute interactions * Simulations of polyions * Cross-linked DNA gels and gel particles * DNA as an amphiphilic polymer * Lipid-DNA interactions Covering both theoretical and practical aspects of the subject, DNA Interactions with Polymers and Surfactants is an ideal resource for chemists and biochemists working in gene and DNA delivery research in industry and academia, as well as for cell biologists, chemical engineers, molecular biologists, and development biologists in the pharmaceutical industry.
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Autorenporträt
Rita S. Dias, PhD, is a postdoctoral scientist in the Department of Physical Chemistry at Lund University, Sweden. Her current research involves the control of DNA condensation using surfactant mixtures and Monte Carlo simulations on the compaction of DNA and interaction of macromolecules with coarse-grained lipid membranes. Björn Lindman, PhD, has served as Full Professor at Lund University for the past three decades. Dr. Lindman's contributions have included the determination of the structure of microemulsions, the development of novel delivery systems for pharmaceuticals, and new systems for eliminating adhesions in surgery. He was the first to establish phase diagrams for mixed polymer-surfactant solutions as well as the bicontinuity of microemulsions. Dr. Lindman is the author of hundreds of scientific publications and has coauthored or edited several books, including Surfactants and Polymers in Aqueous Solution, Second Edition (Wiley).
Inhaltsangabe
Preface xiii Contributors xv 1 Polyelectrolytes. Physicochemical Aspects and Biological Significance 1 Magnus Ullner 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Polyelectrolytes and Biological Function 1 1.3 Electrostatic Interactions 3 1.3.1 Ion Distributions and the Poisson-Boltzmann Equation 3 1.3.2 Debye-HEURuckel Theory 9 1.4 Solution Properties 13 1.5 Flexibility 17 1.5.1 The Concept of Persistence Length 17 1.5.2 Interactions and the Separation of Length Scales 23 1.5.3 Polyelectrolyte Behavior: Electrostatic Persistence Length 26 1.5.4 DNA Persistence Length 29 References 31 2 Solution Behavior of Nucleic Acids 41 Rita S. Dias 2.1 Biological Function of Nucleic Acids 41 2.2 Discovery of DNA 41 2.3 Structure of Nucleic Acids 43 2.3.1 DNA 43 2.3.2 RNA 47 2.3.3 Analogues of Nucleic Acids 48 2.4 Nuclei Acids Nanostructures 48 2.4.1 DNA 48 2.4.2 RNA 50 2.5 Behavior of DNA in Solution 51 2.5.1 Ionization Equilibrium 51 2.5.2 Flexibility of Nucleic Acids 51 2.6 Melting of Double-Stranded DNA 52 2.6.1 Effect of Base Composition 53 2.6.2 Effect of Ionic Strength 53 2.6.3 Effect of pH 53 2.6.4 Dependence on DNA Chain Length 54 2.6.5 Dependence on DNA Concentration 54 Acknowledgments 55 References 55 3 Single DNA Molecules: Compaction and Decompaction 59 Anatoly A. Zinchenko, Olga A. Pyshkina, Andrey V. Lezov, Vladimir G. Sergeyev, and Kenichi Yoshikawa 3.1 Introduction 59 3.2 Condensation and Compaction of DNA by Surfactants 60 3.2.1 Linear DNA Condensation/Compaction by Positively Charged Surfactants 60 3.2.2 Compaction of Plasmid DNA with Surfactants 63 3.2.3 Non-ionic Surfactants 64 3.2.4 Zwitterionic Surfactants 64 3.2.5 Decompaction of DNA-Surfactant Complex 65 3.3 DNA Condensation by Cationic Liposomes 65 3.4 DNA Compaction and Decompaction by Multivalent Cations 74 3.5 DNA Compaction by Polycations 77 3.6 Compaction of DNA in a Crowded Environment of Neutral Polymer 81 3.7 Conclusion 82 References 82 4 Interaction of DNA with Surfactants in Solution 89 Rita S. Dias, Kenneth Dawson, and Maria G. Miguel 4.1 Introduction 89 4.1.1 Surfactants 89 4.1.2 Polymer-Surfactant Interactions 93 4.1.3 Polyelectrolyte-Oppositely Charged Surfactant Interactions 94 4.1.4 DNA-Surfactant Interactions 95 4.2 DNA-Cationic Surfactant Interactions 96 4.2.1 Solution Behavior 96 4.2.2 Effect of the Surfactant Chain Length 99 4.2.3 Effect of the Surfactant Head-group 101 4.2.4 Structure of DNA-Surfactant Complexes 102 4.2.5 DNA Is an Amphiphilic Polyelectrolyte 105 4.3 DNA Covalent Gels and Their Interaction with Surfactants 106 4.4 Applications 108 4.4.1 Control of DNA Compaction/Decompaction 108 4.4.2 Purification 110 4.4.3 Gene Transfection 110 Acknowledgments 111 References 111 5 Interaction of DNA with Cationic Polymers 119 Eric Raspaud, Adriana C. Toma, Francoise Livolant, and Joachim REURadler 5.1 Introduction 119 5.2 Theory of DNA Interacting with Polycations 120 5.2.1 Manning Condensation 120 5.2.2 Counterion Release 121 5.2.3 Short-Range Attractive Force due to Ion Correlations 121 5.2.4 Phase Diagrams of Condensed DNA-Polycation Phases 121 5.2.5 Finite-Size Aggregates 122 5.3 Condensation of DNA, Phase Diagram, and Structure 122 5.3.1 Short Polycations and Multivalent Cations 123 5.3.2 Long Polycations and Basic Proteins 123 5.4 Formation of Polycation-DNA Complexes: Polyplexes 125 5.5 DNA-Nanoparticles for Gene Delivery 126 5.5.1 Artificial Viruses 126 5.5.2 Cytotoxicity 127 5.6 Cellular Uptake and Intracellular Interactions of Polyplexes 127 5.7 Conclusion 129 Acknowledgment 129 References 129 6 Interactions of Histones with DNA: Nucleosome Assembly, Stability, Dynamics, and Higher Order Structure 135 Karsten Rippe, Jacek Mazurkiewicz, and Nick Kepper 6.1 Introduction 135 6.2 Histones 136 6.2.1 Core Histones 136 6.2.2 Linker Histones 137 6.2.3 Histone Variants 138 6.2.4 Posttranslational Modifications of Histones 141 6.3 Structure of Histone-DNA Complexes 142 6.3.1 Nucleosome 142 6.3.2 Chromatosome 144 6.4 Assembly of Nucleosomes and Chromatosomes 144 6.4.1 Chaperone-Guided Nucleosome Assembly 146 6.4.2 Chromatin Remodeling Complexes 147 6.5 Stability and Dynamics of Nucleosomes 148 6.5.1 Accessibility of Nucleosomal DNA 148 6.5.2 DNA Sequence Specificity of Nucleosome Binding 149 6.5.3 Thermodynamic and Kinetic Parameters for Nucleosome Formation under Physiological Conditions 150 6.6 Higher Order Chromatin Structures 154 6.6.1 Assembly of Chromatin Fibers 154 6.6.2 Higher Order Folding of Chromatin Fibers 157 Acknowledgments 158 References 158 7 Opening and Closing DNA: Theories on the Nucleosome 173 Igor M. Kuli_c and Helmut Schiessel 7.1 Introduction 173 7.2 Unwrapping Nucleosomes 176 7.3 Nucleosome Sliding 180 7.4 Transcription Through Nucleosomes 187 7.5 Tail Bridging 194 7.6 Discussion and Conclusion 202 Acknowledgment 204 References 204 8 DNA-DNA Interactions 209 Lars NordenskiEURold, Nikolay Korolev, and Alexander P. Lyubartsev 8.1 Introduction 209 8.2 The Statistical Polymer Solution Model Predicts DNA Collapse/Aggregation Phase Behavior 211 8.3 DNA in Solution is Condensed to a Compact State by Multivalent Cationic Ligands 214 8.3.1 DNA Compaction in Solution 214 8.3.2 Experimental Studies on Chromatin and Nucleosome Condensation 219 8.3.3 Measurement of DNA-DNA Forces from Osmotic Stress 221 8.4 Ion Correlation Effects Included in Theory and in Computer Modeling Explain DNA-DNA Attraction 222 8.4.1 Analytical Theories of DNA-DNA Interactions 222 8.4.2 Computer Simulations of DNA-DNA Interactions 224 8.4.3 Modeling DNA-DNA Interactions in Chromatin and NCP 227 8.5 Conclusions and Future Prospects 230 References 231 9 Hydration of DNA-Amphiphile Complexes 239 Cecilia Leal and Hakan Wennerström 9.1 Introduction 239 9.2 General Properties of DNA Double Helices and Cationic Aggregates 240 9.3 Thermodynamics of DNA-Amphiphile Complexes 243 9.4 Molecular Properties of DNA-Amphiphile Complexes 247 9.5 Concluding Remarks 249 References 250 10 DNA-Surfactant/Lipid Complexes at Liquid Interfaces 253 Dominique Langevin 10.1 Introduction 253 10.2 Soluble Surfactants 255 10.2.1 DNA-DTAB Surface Layers 255 10.2.2 Other DNA-Cationic Surfactants Systems 261 10.2.3 DNA Surfactants 262 10.3 Insoluble Surfactants 262 10.3.1 DNA-DODAB Surface Layers 263 10.3.2 DNA-TODAB Surface Layers 267 10.3.3 DNA-ODA Surface Layers 271 10.3.4 DNA Binding with Other Surfactant Layers 273 10.4 Lipids 274 10.4.1 Cationic Lipids-DNA Surface Layers 275 10.4.2 DSPC-Divalent Ion-DNA Surface Layers 276 10.4.3 DPPC-Divalent Ion-DNA Surface Layers 278 10.4.4 DMPE-Divalent Ion-DNA Surface Layers 279 10.4.5 Other Types of Binding 283 10.5 Mixtures of Surfactants and Lipids 284 10.6 Conclusion 285 References 286 11 DNA and DNA-Surfactant Complexes at Solid Surfaces 291 Marité Cárdenas and Tommy Nylander 11.1 Introduction 291 11.2 Adsorption of DNA at Surfaces 292 11.3 Attachment of DNA Surfaces-Strategies and Challenges 294 11.4 DNA Structure on Surfaces-Comparison with Highly Charged Polyelectrolytes 297 11.4.1 Regulating the DNA Compaction by Compaction Agents at Interfaces to Control the Structure 297 11.4.2 Cationic Surfactants and DNA at Hydrophobic Surfaces 298 11.4.3 Cationic Surfactants and DNA at Negatively Charged Surfaces 304 11.5 Some Applications-Arrays and Nanostamping 307 Acknowledgments 310 References 310 12 Role of Correlation Forces for DNA-Cosolute Interactions 317 Malek O. Khan 12.1 Introduction 317 12.2 Experimental Evidence of DNA Condensation Induced by Electrostatic Agents 317 12.3 Simulations Used to Characterize the DNA Compaction Mechanism 319 12.4 Ion Correlations Limiting the Validity of DLVO Theory 320 12.5 Ion Correlations Driving the Compaction of DNA 322 12.6 Conformation of Compact DNA-The Coil to Toroid Transition 328 12.7 Conclusions 332 References 334 13 Simulations of Polyions: Compaction, Adsorption onto Surfaces, and Confinement 337 A.A.C.C. Pais and P. Linse 13.1 Introduction 337 13.2 Models 339 13.3 Solutions of Polyions with Multivalent Counterions 340 13.3.1 Polyion Conformation 340 13.3.2 Small-Ion Distribution 341 13.3.3 Other Aspects 343 13.4 Polyion Adsorption onto Charged Surfaces 343 13.4.1 Surfaces with Homogeneous Surface Charge Densities 344 13.4.2 Surfaces with Heterogeneous Surface Charge Densities 344 13.5 Polyions in Confined Geometries 346 13.5.1 Structural Aspects 347 13.5.2 Free Energies 347 13.6 Concluding Remarks 349 References 349 14 Cross-linked DNA Gels and Gel Particles 353 Diana Costa, M. Carmen Morán, Maria G. Miguel, and Björn Lindman 14.1 Introduction 353 14.2 Covalently Cross-Linked DNA Gels 354 14.2.1 Volumetric Behavior of DNA Gel Probes DNA-Cosolute Interactions 354 14.2.2 Swelling Reversibility 357 14.3 ds-DNA versus ss-DNA: Skin Formation 357 14.4 DNA Gel Particles 358 14.4.1 Particle Characterization 358 14.4.2 Particle Swelling and Deswelling Kinetics 359 14.4.3 Kinetics of DNA Release 360 14.5 Physical DNA Gels 361 14.5.1 Phase Behavior 361 14.5.2 Rheological Studies 362 References 363 15 DNA as an Amphiphilic Polymer 367 Rita S. Dias, Maria G. Miguel, and Björn Lindman 15.1 Some General Aspects of Self-Assembly 367 15.2 Illustrations 369 15.2.1 Solubilization of Hydrophobic Molecules in ds-DNA 370 15.2.2 Adsorption on Hydrophobic Surfaces 372 15.2.3 Effects of Hydrophobic Cosolutes on DNA Melting 372 15.2.4 Differences in Interactions (Phase Separation) of Cationic Surfactants between ss-DNA and ds-DNA 373 15.2.5 DNA-Protein Interaction 374 15.2.6 Dependence of DNA Melting on Base Sequence 374 15.2.7 DNA Physical and Chemical Gels 374 References 375 16 Lipid-DNA Interactions: Structure-Function Studies of Nanomaterials for Gene Delivery 377 Kai K. Ewert, Charles E. Samuel, and Cyrus R. Safinya 16.1 Introduction 377 16.2 Formation and Structures of CL-DNA Complexes 378 16.3 Effect of the Lipid-DNA Charge Ratio (rchg) on CL-DNA Complex Properties 383 16.3.1 Physicochemical Effects and Phase Behavior of CL-DNA Lipids 383 16.3.2 Biological Effects 386 16.4 Effect of the Membrane Charge Density (sM) on CL-DNA Complex Properties 387 16.5 Effect of Nonlamellar CL-DNA Complex Structure on the Transfection Mechanism 391 16.6 Model of Transfection with Lamellar CL-DNA Complexes 393 16.7 Model of Transfection with Inverted Hexagonal CL-DNA Complexes 395 16.8 PEGylated CL-DNA Complexes: Surface Functionalization and Distinct DNA-DNA Interaction Regimes 396 16.8.1 DNA-DNA Interaction Regimes in PEG-Lipid CL-DNA Complexes 396 16.8.2 Surface Functionalization of CL-DNA Complexes with PEG-Lipids 397 16.9 Conclusion and Summary 400 Acknowledgments 400 References 401 Index 405
Preface xiii Contributors xv 1 Polyelectrolytes. Physicochemical Aspects and Biological Significance 1 Magnus Ullner 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Polyelectrolytes and Biological Function 1 1.3 Electrostatic Interactions 3 1.3.1 Ion Distributions and the Poisson-Boltzmann Equation 3 1.3.2 Debye-HEURuckel Theory 9 1.4 Solution Properties 13 1.5 Flexibility 17 1.5.1 The Concept of Persistence Length 17 1.5.2 Interactions and the Separation of Length Scales 23 1.5.3 Polyelectrolyte Behavior: Electrostatic Persistence Length 26 1.5.4 DNA Persistence Length 29 References 31 2 Solution Behavior of Nucleic Acids 41 Rita S. Dias 2.1 Biological Function of Nucleic Acids 41 2.2 Discovery of DNA 41 2.3 Structure of Nucleic Acids 43 2.3.1 DNA 43 2.3.2 RNA 47 2.3.3 Analogues of Nucleic Acids 48 2.4 Nuclei Acids Nanostructures 48 2.4.1 DNA 48 2.4.2 RNA 50 2.5 Behavior of DNA in Solution 51 2.5.1 Ionization Equilibrium 51 2.5.2 Flexibility of Nucleic Acids 51 2.6 Melting of Double-Stranded DNA 52 2.6.1 Effect of Base Composition 53 2.6.2 Effect of Ionic Strength 53 2.6.3 Effect of pH 53 2.6.4 Dependence on DNA Chain Length 54 2.6.5 Dependence on DNA Concentration 54 Acknowledgments 55 References 55 3 Single DNA Molecules: Compaction and Decompaction 59 Anatoly A. Zinchenko, Olga A. Pyshkina, Andrey V. Lezov, Vladimir G. Sergeyev, and Kenichi Yoshikawa 3.1 Introduction 59 3.2 Condensation and Compaction of DNA by Surfactants 60 3.2.1 Linear DNA Condensation/Compaction by Positively Charged Surfactants 60 3.2.2 Compaction of Plasmid DNA with Surfactants 63 3.2.3 Non-ionic Surfactants 64 3.2.4 Zwitterionic Surfactants 64 3.2.5 Decompaction of DNA-Surfactant Complex 65 3.3 DNA Condensation by Cationic Liposomes 65 3.4 DNA Compaction and Decompaction by Multivalent Cations 74 3.5 DNA Compaction by Polycations 77 3.6 Compaction of DNA in a Crowded Environment of Neutral Polymer 81 3.7 Conclusion 82 References 82 4 Interaction of DNA with Surfactants in Solution 89 Rita S. Dias, Kenneth Dawson, and Maria G. Miguel 4.1 Introduction 89 4.1.1 Surfactants 89 4.1.2 Polymer-Surfactant Interactions 93 4.1.3 Polyelectrolyte-Oppositely Charged Surfactant Interactions 94 4.1.4 DNA-Surfactant Interactions 95 4.2 DNA-Cationic Surfactant Interactions 96 4.2.1 Solution Behavior 96 4.2.2 Effect of the Surfactant Chain Length 99 4.2.3 Effect of the Surfactant Head-group 101 4.2.4 Structure of DNA-Surfactant Complexes 102 4.2.5 DNA Is an Amphiphilic Polyelectrolyte 105 4.3 DNA Covalent Gels and Their Interaction with Surfactants 106 4.4 Applications 108 4.4.1 Control of DNA Compaction/Decompaction 108 4.4.2 Purification 110 4.4.3 Gene Transfection 110 Acknowledgments 111 References 111 5 Interaction of DNA with Cationic Polymers 119 Eric Raspaud, Adriana C. Toma, Francoise Livolant, and Joachim REURadler 5.1 Introduction 119 5.2 Theory of DNA Interacting with Polycations 120 5.2.1 Manning Condensation 120 5.2.2 Counterion Release 121 5.2.3 Short-Range Attractive Force due to Ion Correlations 121 5.2.4 Phase Diagrams of Condensed DNA-Polycation Phases 121 5.2.5 Finite-Size Aggregates 122 5.3 Condensation of DNA, Phase Diagram, and Structure 122 5.3.1 Short Polycations and Multivalent Cations 123 5.3.2 Long Polycations and Basic Proteins 123 5.4 Formation of Polycation-DNA Complexes: Polyplexes 125 5.5 DNA-Nanoparticles for Gene Delivery 126 5.5.1 Artificial Viruses 126 5.5.2 Cytotoxicity 127 5.6 Cellular Uptake and Intracellular Interactions of Polyplexes 127 5.7 Conclusion 129 Acknowledgment 129 References 129 6 Interactions of Histones with DNA: Nucleosome Assembly, Stability, Dynamics, and Higher Order Structure 135 Karsten Rippe, Jacek Mazurkiewicz, and Nick Kepper 6.1 Introduction 135 6.2 Histones 136 6.2.1 Core Histones 136 6.2.2 Linker Histones 137 6.2.3 Histone Variants 138 6.2.4 Posttranslational Modifications of Histones 141 6.3 Structure of Histone-DNA Complexes 142 6.3.1 Nucleosome 142 6.3.2 Chromatosome 144 6.4 Assembly of Nucleosomes and Chromatosomes 144 6.4.1 Chaperone-Guided Nucleosome Assembly 146 6.4.2 Chromatin Remodeling Complexes 147 6.5 Stability and Dynamics of Nucleosomes 148 6.5.1 Accessibility of Nucleosomal DNA 148 6.5.2 DNA Sequence Specificity of Nucleosome Binding 149 6.5.3 Thermodynamic and Kinetic Parameters for Nucleosome Formation under Physiological Conditions 150 6.6 Higher Order Chromatin Structures 154 6.6.1 Assembly of Chromatin Fibers 154 6.6.2 Higher Order Folding of Chromatin Fibers 157 Acknowledgments 158 References 158 7 Opening and Closing DNA: Theories on the Nucleosome 173 Igor M. Kuli_c and Helmut Schiessel 7.1 Introduction 173 7.2 Unwrapping Nucleosomes 176 7.3 Nucleosome Sliding 180 7.4 Transcription Through Nucleosomes 187 7.5 Tail Bridging 194 7.6 Discussion and Conclusion 202 Acknowledgment 204 References 204 8 DNA-DNA Interactions 209 Lars NordenskiEURold, Nikolay Korolev, and Alexander P. Lyubartsev 8.1 Introduction 209 8.2 The Statistical Polymer Solution Model Predicts DNA Collapse/Aggregation Phase Behavior 211 8.3 DNA in Solution is Condensed to a Compact State by Multivalent Cationic Ligands 214 8.3.1 DNA Compaction in Solution 214 8.3.2 Experimental Studies on Chromatin and Nucleosome Condensation 219 8.3.3 Measurement of DNA-DNA Forces from Osmotic Stress 221 8.4 Ion Correlation Effects Included in Theory and in Computer Modeling Explain DNA-DNA Attraction 222 8.4.1 Analytical Theories of DNA-DNA Interactions 222 8.4.2 Computer Simulations of DNA-DNA Interactions 224 8.4.3 Modeling DNA-DNA Interactions in Chromatin and NCP 227 8.5 Conclusions and Future Prospects 230 References 231 9 Hydration of DNA-Amphiphile Complexes 239 Cecilia Leal and Hakan Wennerström 9.1 Introduction 239 9.2 General Properties of DNA Double Helices and Cationic Aggregates 240 9.3 Thermodynamics of DNA-Amphiphile Complexes 243 9.4 Molecular Properties of DNA-Amphiphile Complexes 247 9.5 Concluding Remarks 249 References 250 10 DNA-Surfactant/Lipid Complexes at Liquid Interfaces 253 Dominique Langevin 10.1 Introduction 253 10.2 Soluble Surfactants 255 10.2.1 DNA-DTAB Surface Layers 255 10.2.2 Other DNA-Cationic Surfactants Systems 261 10.2.3 DNA Surfactants 262 10.3 Insoluble Surfactants 262 10.3.1 DNA-DODAB Surface Layers 263 10.3.2 DNA-TODAB Surface Layers 267 10.3.3 DNA-ODA Surface Layers 271 10.3.4 DNA Binding with Other Surfactant Layers 273 10.4 Lipids 274 10.4.1 Cationic Lipids-DNA Surface Layers 275 10.4.2 DSPC-Divalent Ion-DNA Surface Layers 276 10.4.3 DPPC-Divalent Ion-DNA Surface Layers 278 10.4.4 DMPE-Divalent Ion-DNA Surface Layers 279 10.4.5 Other Types of Binding 283 10.5 Mixtures of Surfactants and Lipids 284 10.6 Conclusion 285 References 286 11 DNA and DNA-Surfactant Complexes at Solid Surfaces 291 Marité Cárdenas and Tommy Nylander 11.1 Introduction 291 11.2 Adsorption of DNA at Surfaces 292 11.3 Attachment of DNA Surfaces-Strategies and Challenges 294 11.4 DNA Structure on Surfaces-Comparison with Highly Charged Polyelectrolytes 297 11.4.1 Regulating the DNA Compaction by Compaction Agents at Interfaces to Control the Structure 297 11.4.2 Cationic Surfactants and DNA at Hydrophobic Surfaces 298 11.4.3 Cationic Surfactants and DNA at Negatively Charged Surfaces 304 11.5 Some Applications-Arrays and Nanostamping 307 Acknowledgments 310 References 310 12 Role of Correlation Forces for DNA-Cosolute Interactions 317 Malek O. Khan 12.1 Introduction 317 12.2 Experimental Evidence of DNA Condensation Induced by Electrostatic Agents 317 12.3 Simulations Used to Characterize the DNA Compaction Mechanism 319 12.4 Ion Correlations Limiting the Validity of DLVO Theory 320 12.5 Ion Correlations Driving the Compaction of DNA 322 12.6 Conformation of Compact DNA-The Coil to Toroid Transition 328 12.7 Conclusions 332 References 334 13 Simulations of Polyions: Compaction, Adsorption onto Surfaces, and Confinement 337 A.A.C.C. Pais and P. Linse 13.1 Introduction 337 13.2 Models 339 13.3 Solutions of Polyions with Multivalent Counterions 340 13.3.1 Polyion Conformation 340 13.3.2 Small-Ion Distribution 341 13.3.3 Other Aspects 343 13.4 Polyion Adsorption onto Charged Surfaces 343 13.4.1 Surfaces with Homogeneous Surface Charge Densities 344 13.4.2 Surfaces with Heterogeneous Surface Charge Densities 344 13.5 Polyions in Confined Geometries 346 13.5.1 Structural Aspects 347 13.5.2 Free Energies 347 13.6 Concluding Remarks 349 References 349 14 Cross-linked DNA Gels and Gel Particles 353 Diana Costa, M. Carmen Morán, Maria G. Miguel, and Björn Lindman 14.1 Introduction 353 14.2 Covalently Cross-Linked DNA Gels 354 14.2.1 Volumetric Behavior of DNA Gel Probes DNA-Cosolute Interactions 354 14.2.2 Swelling Reversibility 357 14.3 ds-DNA versus ss-DNA: Skin Formation 357 14.4 DNA Gel Particles 358 14.4.1 Particle Characterization 358 14.4.2 Particle Swelling and Deswelling Kinetics 359 14.4.3 Kinetics of DNA Release 360 14.5 Physical DNA Gels 361 14.5.1 Phase Behavior 361 14.5.2 Rheological Studies 362 References 363 15 DNA as an Amphiphilic Polymer 367 Rita S. Dias, Maria G. Miguel, and Björn Lindman 15.1 Some General Aspects of Self-Assembly 367 15.2 Illustrations 369 15.2.1 Solubilization of Hydrophobic Molecules in ds-DNA 370 15.2.2 Adsorption on Hydrophobic Surfaces 372 15.2.3 Effects of Hydrophobic Cosolutes on DNA Melting 372 15.2.4 Differences in Interactions (Phase Separation) of Cationic Surfactants between ss-DNA and ds-DNA 373 15.2.5 DNA-Protein Interaction 374 15.2.6 Dependence of DNA Melting on Base Sequence 374 15.2.7 DNA Physical and Chemical Gels 374 References 375 16 Lipid-DNA Interactions: Structure-Function Studies of Nanomaterials for Gene Delivery 377 Kai K. Ewert, Charles E. Samuel, and Cyrus R. Safinya 16.1 Introduction 377 16.2 Formation and Structures of CL-DNA Complexes 378 16.3 Effect of the Lipid-DNA Charge Ratio (rchg) on CL-DNA Complex Properties 383 16.3.1 Physicochemical Effects and Phase Behavior of CL-DNA Lipids 383 16.3.2 Biological Effects 386 16.4 Effect of the Membrane Charge Density (sM) on CL-DNA Complex Properties 387 16.5 Effect of Nonlamellar CL-DNA Complex Structure on the Transfection Mechanism 391 16.6 Model of Transfection with Lamellar CL-DNA Complexes 393 16.7 Model of Transfection with Inverted Hexagonal CL-DNA Complexes 395 16.8 PEGylated CL-DNA Complexes: Surface Functionalization and Distinct DNA-DNA Interaction Regimes 396 16.8.1 DNA-DNA Interaction Regimes in PEG-Lipid CL-DNA Complexes 396 16.8.2 Surface Functionalization of CL-DNA Complexes with PEG-Lipids 397 16.9 Conclusion and Summary 400 Acknowledgments 400 References 401 Index 405
Rezensionen
"Aims to give readers an overview of the subject and a basis for understanding the factors leading to the complexation between DNA and different co salutes." ( TCE The Chemical Engineer , July 2008)
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