Ethics (eBook, ePUB) - Spinoza, Baruch
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I. By that which is self-caused, I mean that of which the essence involves existence, or that of which the nature is only conceivable as existent. II. A thing is called finite after its kind, when it can be limited by another thing of the same nature; for instance, a body is called finite because we always conceive another greater body. So, also, a thought is limited by another thought, but a body is not limited by thought, nor a thought by body. III. By substance, I mean that which is in itself, and is conceived through itself: in other words, that of which a conception can be formed…mehr

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Produktbeschreibung
I. By that which is self-caused, I mean that of which the essence involves existence, or that of which the nature is only conceivable as existent. II. A thing is called finite after its kind, when it can be limited by another thing of the same nature; for instance, a body is called finite because we always conceive another greater body. So, also, a thought is limited by another thought, but a body is not limited by thought, nor a thought by body. III. By substance, I mean that which is in itself, and is conceived through itself: in other words, that of which a conception can be formed independently of any other conception. IV. By attribute, I mean that which the intellect perceives as constituting the essence of substance. V. By mode, I mean the modifications[1] of substance, or that which exists in, and is conceived through, something other than itself. [1] "Affectiones" VI. By God, I mean a being absolutely infinite-that is, a substance consisting in infinite attributes, of which each expresses eternal and infinite essentiality.

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Autorenporträt
Baruch Spinoza (1632-1677) was a philosopher of Sephardic Jewish origin from Amsterdam, who delved into questions of ethics, metaphysics, and anthropology. Spinoza's magnum opus, 'Ethics,' was published posthumously in 1677, and it represents a pinnacle of Enlightenment thought. His works lay the groundwork for the 18th-century Enlightenment and modern biblical criticism. Spinoza wrote in a deductive, geometrical fashion, aiming to demonstrate philosophical truths with the precision akin to mathematical proofs. Often regarded as the 'prince' of philosophers, Spinoza was a rationalist who believed in the power of pure reason and was deeply influenced by the philosophy of Descartes, yet he provided a very different perspective on the nature of reality and our place within it. The 'Ethics' navigates through complex ideas of God, nature, human emotions, and the path to happiness with a pantheistic bent, proposing that God is synonymous with the natural world. Deriving human ethics from this ontological structure, Spinoza's work deconstructed traditional notions of providence and divine transcendence in favor of a system immanent within nature. Though his ideas were radical and met with controversy, his influence on later thinkers such as Hegel, Nietzsche, Einstein, and many others affirms his role as a seminal figure in Western philosophy. Spinoza's legacy is further evident in his impact on the development of existentialist and Marxist philosophies, alongside his contribution to the ethos of modern scientific and ethical inquiry.