>10 lb lost unintentionally in a previous year A pre-frail stage, in which one or two criteria are present, recognizes a subset at high risk of progressing to frailty. Older persons with none of the above five criteria are classified as non-frail. This definition diagnoses frailty as a distinct medical entity differentiated from disability While many (but not all) frail persons are disabled, not all disabled persons are frail. Frailty index The frailty index defines frailty as the collective deficits identified in a complete geriatric appraisal. The criteria for a variable to be regarded as a deficit are : 1.Acquired, 2.Age-linked, 3.Linked with an adverse outcome, and 4.Should not saturate too early. Recent advances in the pathogenesis of frailty described in the section are almost exclusively based on the Frailty Phenotype definition. Causes: These disorders are each individually linked with a higher chance of frailty: 1.A pro-inflammatory state 2.Sarcopenia 3.Anemia 4.Relative deficiencies in anabolic hormones (androgens and growth hormone) 5.Excess exposure to catabolic hormones (cortisol), 6.Insulin resistance 7.Glucose levels 8.Compromised altered immune function 9.Micronutrient deficiencies and 10.Oxidative stress Symptoms: 1.Anorexia or poor appetite 2.Sarcopenia or loss of body mass 3.Immobility or decreased physical activity 4.Atherosclerosis 5.Balance impairment 6.Depression 7.Cognitive impairment Diagnosis: A range of tests for identifying frailty are available 1.PRISMA 7 Questionnaire 2.Groningen Frailty Indicator questionnaire 3.Slow walking speed Treating Frailty: 1.Complete exercise 2.Complete medicine review 3.Nutrition Increase food intake Enough proteins Orexigenic agents for appetite 4. Hormone -male/female 5.Balance exercise 6.Mobility TA...
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