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Halitosis (Bad Breath) is the medical disorder when a person suffers from chronic bad breath.
Halitosis (Bad Breath) indicates that the patient has an unpleasant odor in the breath that other people observe when the patient talks or exhales.
A major problem with halitosis is that often the only person not to observe it is the person affected.
The patient may be used to his or her own smell and does not be likely to notice the bad breath.
Often, the only method to know about it is if a person remarks on it.
The patient may have to depend on a family member or a close friend to be
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Produktbeschreibung
Halitosis (Bad Breath) is the medical disorder when a person suffers from chronic bad breath.
Halitosis (Bad Breath) indicates that the patient has an unpleasant odor in the breath that other people observe when the patient talks or exhales.
A major problem with halitosis is that often the only person not to observe it is the person affected.
The patient may be used to his or her own smell and does not be likely to notice the bad breath.
Often, the only method to know about it is if a person remarks on it.
The patient may have to depend on a family member or a close friend to be truthful and inform the patient if the patient has bad breath.
A dentist will generally be capable to tell if the patient has bad breath.
Bad breath may be caused by:
A. Coming from within the mouth
Most cases of bad breath (halitosis) come from germs (bacteria) or rubbish that collects within the mouth.
As the bacteria break down proteins and other debris in the mouth, they let go foul-smelling gases.
1. Bacterial infection of the gums, dental cavities. (600 types of bacteria present in mouth)
2. Anaerobic infections of the mouth,
3. Infection of the tonsils, nose and sinuses (postnasal drip)
Gastric problems and indigestion:
1. Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)
2. Gastrojejunocolic fistula
Food and Medical causes
1. Garlic and onions which has odious sulfur compounds can give rise to foul smell from the mouth
2. Fish
3. Cheese
4. Alcohol
Smoking
Dry mouth:
Gum disease
Diagnosis can normally be made by:
1. History of bad breath
2. Lick the back of the wrist, let the saliva dry for a minute, and smell the dried saliva.
3. Scrape the posterior back of the tongue with a plastic disposable spoon and smell the drying residue.
4. Halimeter: a portable sulfide monitor to assess for levels of sulfur emissions (particularly hydrogen sulfide) from the mouth.
5. BANA test: find the salivary levels of an enzyme which indicates the presence of certain halitosis-related bacteria
6. ß-galactosidase test: the presence of this enzyme in the saliva indicates presence of bad breath
A throat culture may be done if the patient has a sore throat or mouth sores.
Treatment:
Good dental hygiene, particularly flossing is essential.
Mouthwashes are not very useful in treating the underlying disorder.
Even fresh parsley or strong mint is often a better and efficient way to fight temporary bad breath.
Smoking should be avoided.
Antibiotics may be given for some disorders.

TABLE OF CONTENT
Introduction
Chapter 1 Halitosis (Bad Breath)
Chapter 2 Causes
Chapter 3 Symptoms
Chapter 4 Diagnosis
Chapter 5 Treatment
Chapter 6 Prognosis
Chapter 7 Dental Decay
Chapter 8 GERD
Epilogue


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Autorenporträt
Dr. Kenneth Kee is a well-known medical doctor from Singapore who has been practicing medicine since 1972.
He graduated from the University of Singapore and furthered his studies with a Master of Science in Health Management in 1991, followed by a Ph.D. in Healthcare Administration in 1993.
Dr. Kee established Kee Clinic in 1974, located in the Holland Drive area of Singapore. The clinic has been a prominent feature of the community, offering general medical services for 5 decades.
Dr Kee also served his country Singapore as a national service police Inspector at night from 1975 to 1985 while working at his clinic during the day.
He had served as a police guard to the Woodland Petroleum Tanks at night during the Indonesian Confrontation period, took part in police rounds at night in the Beach Road area and taught First aid and emergency resuscitation to Police recruits.
He received the Singapore Police Bicentennial 2020 Medallion on 1st March 2024 as recognition for his work in the Singapore Police.
Even as he grew older, Dr. Kee continued to work actively in his clinic, although he eventually reduced his consultation hours.
Beyond his medical career, Dr. Kee is also an author.
He started writing about medical conditions in 2007, using blogs and other online platforms to share his knowledge with a broader audience.
Over time, he published various books, many of which provide simple and accessible guides to different health conditions.
His works include "A Family Doctor's Tale," "My Personal Singapore History," and numerous medical guides, available through platforms like Amazon.
His books often combine his personal experiences as a family doctor with insights into Singapore's healthcare system and history.
Dr. Kee has written extensively on health topics, contributing to both medical literature and general knowledge resources.

Dr. Kenneth Kee has written numerous books, primarily focused on health education and personal experiences as a family doctor. Some of his notable titles include:
"A Family Doctor's Tale"
This book is a blend of Dr. Kee's personal experiences and his reflections on being a family doctor in Singapore. It's a great choice if you're looking for a narrative that combines both medical knowledge and human stories.
"Specialized Medical Conditions"
Books like **"Congestive Heart Failure: Diagnosis and Treatment"** focus on specific conditions, offering in-dept...