Kenneth Kee

Horner Syndrome, A Simple Guide To The Condition, Diagnosis, Treatment And Related Conditions (eBook, ePUB)

• Format: ePub

Produktbeschreibung

Horner syndrome also is the assortment of symptoms caused by a disruption of a nerve pathway from the brain to the face and eye on one side of the body.
Horner syndrome can be induced by any interruption in a set of nerve fibers that begin in the part of the brain called the hypothalamus and travel to the face and eyes.
These nerve fibers are involved with sweating, the pupils in the eyes, and some muscles around the eyes.
Injury of the nerve fibers can result from:
1. Injury to the carotid artery, one of the main arteries to the brain
2. Injury to nerves at the base of the neck called the brachial plexus
3. Migraine or cluster headaches
4. Stroke, tumor, or other damage to a part of the brain called the brainstem
5. Tumor in the top of the lung
6. Injections or surgery done to interrupt the nerve fibers and relieve pain (sympathectomy)
In rare cases, Horner syndrome is present at birth.
The disorder may happen with a lack of color (pigmentation) of the iris (colored part of the eye).
Horner syndrome is a result of injury to a certain pathway in the sympathetic nervous system.
The sympathetic nervous system controls heart rate, perspiration, blood pressure, pupil dilation and other reactions typical to alterations in the environment.
The nerve pathway that is injured due to Horner syndrome can be divided into 3 groups of nerve cells (neurons):
First-order neurons
First-order sympathetic fibers begin in the hypothalamus and go down through the brainstem to level C8-T2 of the spinal cord where they synapse on pre-ganglionic sympathetic nerve fibers.
1. Stroke
2.Tumor (Pituitary or basal skull tumors)
3.Neck trauma (e.g., cervical vertebral dislocation)
4.Cyst or cavity in the spinal column (syringomyelia)
Second-order neurons
The second-order neurons spread from the spinal column across the upper chest and into the side of the neck
1.Apical lung tumors (e.g., Pancoast tumor)
2.Tumor of the myelin sheath (schwannoma)
3.Damage to the aorta (Aneurysms of the aorta)
4.Traumatic injury
Third-order neurons
The third area of the nerve pathway spreads along the side of the neck leading to the facial skin and muscles of the iris and eyelids.
1.Damage to the carotid artery and jugular vein (located along side of the neck)
2.Tumor or infection near the base of the skull
3.Migraines
4.Cluster headaches
A rare congenital form of Horner's syndrome is present
Symptoms of Horner syndrome may be:
1. Reduced sweating on the affected side of the face
2. Drooping eyelid (ptosis)
3. Sinking of the eyeball into the face
4. Small (constricted) pupil (the black part in the center of the eye)
An eye examination may show:
1.Changes in how the pupil opens or closes
Constricted pupil on the affected side, more apparent in a darkened room:
a.Shine a torch in the eye to make the pupil constrict.
b.Remove the torch and watch the pupil dilate.
c.Do the same on the other side and compare the response.
2.Pupillary abnormalities
3.Eyelid drooping
4.Change in color of eye
Signs
1.Ipsilateral dry skin on the face because of loss of sweating:
a.Take both index fingers and place then together in the middle of the forehead.
b.Then run them laterally over the forehead to just lateral to the eyebrows.
On the affected side there may be more friction because the skin is drier as there is no sweating on that side.
2.Examine for lymphadenopathy
Tests
Chest x-ray or CT scan
MRI or CT scan of the brain
CT angiography
Pharmacological testing with cocaine eyedrops
A first- or second-order nerve lesion will lead to dilation but no dilation happens with third-order (postganglionic) lesions
Treatment
The treatment depends on the cause of the problem.
There is no treatment for Horner syndrome

TABLE OF CONTENT
Introd...

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Produktdetails

• Verlag: Kenneth Kee
• Erscheinungstermin: 16. Oktober 2017
• Englisch
• ISBN-13: 9781370604326
• Artikelnr.: 49496783

Autorenporträt

Dr. Kenneth Kee is a well-known medical doctor from Singapore who has been practicing medicine since 1972.
He graduated from the University of Singapore and furthered his studies with a Master of Science in Health Management in 1991, followed by a Ph.D. in Healthcare Administration in 1993.
Dr. Kee established Kee Clinic in 1974, located in the Holland Drive area of Singapore. The clinic has been a prominent feature of the community, offering general medical services for 5 decades.
Dr Kee also served his country Singapore as a national service police Inspector at night from 1975 to 1985 while working at his clinic during the day.
He had served as a police guard to the Woodland Petroleum Tanks at night during the Indonesian Confrontation period, took part in police rounds at night in the Beach Road area and taught First aid and emergency resuscitation to Police recruits.
He received the Singapore Police Bicentennial 2020 Medallion on 1st March 2024 as recognition for his work in the Singapore Police.
Even as he grew older, Dr. Kee continued to work actively in his clinic, although he eventually reduced his consultation hours.
Beyond his medical career, Dr. Kee is also an author.
He started writing about medical conditions in 2007, using blogs and other online platforms to share his knowledge with a broader audience.
Over time, he published various books, many of which provide simple and accessible guides to different health conditions.
His works include "A Family Doctor's Tale," "My Personal Singapore History," and numerous medical guides, available through platforms like Amazon.
His books often combine his personal experiences as a family doctor with insights into Singapore's healthcare system and history.
Dr. Kee has written extensively on health topics, contributing to both medical literature and general knowledge resources.

Dr. Kenneth Kee has written numerous books, primarily focused on health education and personal experiences as a family doctor. Some of his notable titles include:
"A Family Doctor's Tale"
This book is a blend of Dr. Kee's personal experiences and his reflections on being a family doctor in Singapore. It's a great choice if you're looking for a narrative that combines both medical knowledge and human stories.
"Specialized Medical Conditions"
Books like **"Congestive Heart Failure: Diagnosis and Treatment"** focus on specific conditions, offering in-dept...