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  • Format: ePub

Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (JRA) is a medical group of related diseases which occur in children before the age of 16 years.
It is a chronic disorder which results in joint pain and swelling.
The cause is believed to be the result of an autoimmune illness.
This suggests that the body cells attacks and destroys healthy joint tissue by mistake.
JRA most often occurs before age 16.
Symptoms may begin as early as 6 months old.
There are three main types of JRA:
1. Pauciarticular JRA affects four or fewer joints, most often the knees, or wrists.
It also involves the
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Produktbeschreibung
Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (JRA) is a medical group of related diseases which occur in children before the age of 16 years.
It is a chronic disorder which results in joint pain and swelling.
The cause is believed to be the result of an autoimmune illness.
This suggests that the body cells attacks and destroys healthy joint tissue by mistake.
JRA most often occurs before age 16.
Symptoms may begin as early as 6 months old.
There are three main types of JRA:
1. Pauciarticular JRA affects four or fewer joints, most often the knees, or wrists.
It also involves the eyes.
It is the most frequent type of JRA.
2. Polyarticular JRA affects many joints.
This type of JRA may become rheumatoid arthritis.
It may affect five or more large and small joints of the legs and arms, as well as the jaw and neck.
3. Systemic (bodywide) JRA affects the joint pain or swelling, rash, and fevers.
It is the least frequent form.
Symptoms of JRA are:
1. Swollen, red, or warm joint
2. Limping or difficulty using a limb
Diagnosis is confirmed with:
1. Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) raised
2. ANA and RA factor positive
3. Full blood count (FBC)
4. HLA antigens for HLA B27 present
Aspiration of Joint Fluid may help in the diagnosis and treatment.
The treatment of JRA is by:
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) such as ibuprofen or naproxen are sufficient to reduce symptoms
Corticosteroids may be given for more severe joint inflammation
New disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs) are used such as methotrexate
Biologic drugs, such as such as infliximab, etanercept are even more helpful
Children with JRA need to stay active.
There is no cure for juvenile rheumatoid arthritis.

Table of Content
Introduction
Chapter 1 Juvenile Rheumatoid Arthritis
Chapter 2 Causes
Chapter 3 Symptoms
Chapter 4 Diagnosis
Chapter 5 Treatment
Chapter 6 Prognosis
Chapter 7 Rheumatoid Arthritis
Chapter 8 Reiter Syndrome
Epilogue


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Autorenporträt
Dr. Kenneth Kee is a well-known medical doctor from Singapore who has been practicing medicine since 1972.
He graduated from the University of Singapore and furthered his studies with a Master of Science in Health Management in 1991, followed by a Ph.D. in Healthcare Administration in 1993.
Dr. Kee established Kee Clinic in 1974, located in the Holland Drive area of Singapore. The clinic has been a prominent feature of the community, offering general medical services for 5 decades.
Dr Kee also served his country Singapore as a national service police Inspector at night from 1975 to 1985 while working at his clinic during the day.
He had served as a police guard to the Woodland Petroleum Tanks at night during the Indonesian Confrontation period, took part in police rounds at night in the Beach Road area and taught First aid and emergency resuscitation to Police recruits.
He received the Singapore Police Bicentennial 2020 Medallion on 1st March 2024 as recognition for his work in the Singapore Police.
Even as he grew older, Dr. Kee continued to work actively in his clinic, although he eventually reduced his consultation hours.
Beyond his medical career, Dr. Kee is also an author.
He started writing about medical conditions in 2007, using blogs and other online platforms to share his knowledge with a broader audience.
Over time, he published various books, many of which provide simple and accessible guides to different health conditions.
His works include "A Family Doctor's Tale," "My Personal Singapore History," and numerous medical guides, available through platforms like Amazon.
His books often combine his personal experiences as a family doctor with insights into Singapore's healthcare system and history.
Dr. Kee has written extensively on health topics, contributing to both medical literature and general knowledge resources.

Dr. Kenneth Kee has written numerous books, primarily focused on health education and personal experiences as a family doctor. Some of his notable titles include:
"A Family Doctor's Tale"
This book is a blend of Dr. Kee's personal experiences and his reflections on being a family doctor in Singapore. It's a great choice if you're looking for a narrative that combines both medical knowledge and human stories.
"Specialized Medical Conditions"
Books like **"Congestive Heart Failure: Diagnosis and Treatment"** focus on specific conditions, offering in-dept...