The kingdom won recognition from the major European powers and the United States became its chief trading partner. In 1887 King Kalakaua was forced to accept a new constitution in a coup by the Honolulu Rifles, an anti-monarchist militia. Queen Lili¿uokalani, who succeeded Kalakaua in 1891, tried to abrogate the new constitution. She was overthrown in 1893, largely at the hands of the Committee of Safety. Hawai¿i was briefly an independent republic until the U.S. annexed it through the Newlands Resolution on July 4, 1898, which created the Territory of Hawai¿i.
Historian Boris Yousef presents in this essay the five constitutions of the Kingdom of Hawaii, from that of 1840 to the one, which never entered into force, of 1893.
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