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Teaches the application of Reactive Transport Modeling (RTM) for subsurface systems in order to expedite the understanding of the behavior of complex geological systems This book lays out the basic principles and approaches of Reactive Transport Modeling (RTM) for surface and subsurface environments, presenting specific workflows and applications. The techniques discussed are being increasingly commonly used in a wide range of research fields, and the information provided covers fundamental theory, practical issues in running reactive transport models, and how to apply techniques in specific…mehr
Teaches the application of Reactive Transport Modeling (RTM) for subsurface systems in order to expedite the understanding of the behavior of complex geological systems This book lays out the basic principles and approaches of Reactive Transport Modeling (RTM) for surface and subsurface environments, presenting specific workflows and applications. The techniques discussed are being increasingly commonly used in a wide range of research fields, and the information provided covers fundamental theory, practical issues in running reactive transport models, and how to apply techniques in specific areas. The need for RTM in engineered facilities, such as nuclear waste repositories or CO2 storage sites, is ever increasing, because the prediction of the future evolution of these systems has become a legal obligation. With increasing recognition of the power of these approaches, and their widening adoption, comes responsibility to ensure appropriate application of available tools. This book aims to provide the requisite understanding of key aspects of RTM, and in doing so help identify and thus avoid potential pitfalls. Reactive Transport Modeling covers: the application of RTM for CO2 sequestration and geothermal energy development; reservoir quality prediction; modeling diagenesis; modeling geochemical processes in oil & gas production; modeling gas hydrate production; reactive transport in fractured and porous media; reactive transport studies for nuclear waste disposal; reactive flow modeling in hydrothermal systems; and modeling biogeochemical processes. Key features include: * A comprehensive reference for scientists and practitioners entering the area of reactive transport modeling (RTM) * Presented by internationally known experts in the field * Covers fundamental theory, practical issues in running reactive transport models, and hands-on examples for applying techniques in specific areas * Teaches readers to appreciate the power of RTM and to stimulate usage and application Reactive Transport Modeling is written for graduate students and researchers in academia, government laboratories, and industry who are interested in applying reactive transport modeling to the topic of their research. The book will also appeal to geochemists, hydrogeologists, geophysicists, earth scientists, environmental engineers, and environmental chemists.
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Autorenporträt
Editors: Yitian Xiao, PhD is Senior Geoscience Advisor, ExxonMobil Upstream Research Company, USA. Fiona Whitaker, PhD is Professor of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, UK. Tianfu Xu, PhD is Director of Key Laboratory of Groundwater Resources and Environment, Jilin University, China. Consulting Editor: Carl Steefel, PhD is Senior Scientist and Geochemistry Department Head, Earth Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, USA.
Inhaltsangabe
List of Contributors xv
Preface xix
Acknowledgements xxiii
1 Application of Reactive Transport Modeling to CO2 Geological Sequestration and Chemical Stimulation of an Enhanced Geothermal Reservoir 1 Tianfu Xu, Hailong Tian and Jin Na
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Fundamental Theories 2
1.2.1 Governing Equations for Flow and Transport 2
1.2.2 Equations for Chemical Reactions 3
1.2.3 Solution Method for Transport Equations 6
1.2.4 Solution Method for Mixed Equilibrium-Kinetics Chemical System 7
1.3 Application to CO2 Geological Storage (CGS) 8
1.3.1 Overview of Applications in CGS 8
1.3.2 Long-Term Fate of Injected CO2 in Deep Saline Aquifers 10
1.3.2.1 Brief Description of CO2 Storage Site in the Songliao Basin 10
1.3.2.2 Conceptual Model 11
1.3.2.3 Results and Discussion 14
1.3.2.4 Summary and Conclusions 21
1.3.3 Evolution of Caprock Sealing Efficiency after the Intrusion of CO2 26
1.3.3.1 Introduction 26
1.3.3.2 Geological Setting 27
1.3.3.3 Conceptual Model 27
1.3.3.4 Results and Discussion 32
1.3.3.5 Concluding Remarks 44
1.4 Reactive Transport Modeling for Chemical Stimulation of an Enhanced Geothermal Reservoir 45
1.4.1 General Description 45
1.4.2 Brief Description of the EGS Site in Songliao Basin 47
1.4.3 Conceptual Model 47
1.4.3.1 Geometry and Boundary Conditions 47
1.4.3.2 Physical Parameters 48
1.4.3.3 Initial Mineral Composition 48
1.4.3.4 Water Chemistry 49
1.4.3.5 Thermodynamic and Kinetic Parameters 49
1.4.4 Results and Discussion 50
1.4.4.1 HCl Preflush 50
1.4.4.2 Mud Acid Main Flush 50
1.4.5 Concluding Remarks 52
1.5 Conclusions and Outlook 54
Appendix A 55
Acknowledgements 56
References 56
2 Modeling Reactive Transport in CO2 Geological Storage: Applications at the Site Scale and Near-Well Effects 61 P. Audigane, Irina Gaus and Fabrizio Gherardi
2.1 Introduction 61
2.2 Short- and Long-term Predictive Simulations of Trapping Mechanisms 65
2.2.1 Sandy Aquifer: Predictions of Long-term Effects of Storage in Sleipner, North Sea, Norway 69
2.2.2 Near-well Effects in Saline Aquifers in Carbonate Formations: Carbonate Dissolution, Drying, and Salt Crystallization in the Dogger, Paris Basin 72
2.2.3 Depleted Offshore Gas Field: Mixing with Methane K12B Field 77
2.3 Studying CO2 Leakage and Well Integrity by Reactive Transport Modeling 80
2.3.1 Near-well Problem in the Paris Basin 81
2.3.1.1 Weathering of Drilling Cement Prior to Injection 81
2.3.1.2 Cement-Reservoir-Caprock Interface 84
2.3.2 The Impact of CO2 Leakage on Groundwater 90
2.4 Discussion and Conclusion 92
References 98
3 Process-based Modelling of Syn-depositional Diagenesis 107 Fiona Whitaker and Miles Frazer
3.1 Introduction 107
3.2 Fundamentals of Syn-depositional Carbonate Diagenesis 108
3.3 Understanding Syn-depositional Diagenesis through RTM 111
3.3.1 Marine Diagenesis 111
3.3.2 Vadose Zone Diagenesis 113
3.3.3 Freshwater Lens Diagenesis 116
3.3.4 Mixing Zone Diagenesis 118
3.4 Challenges in Reactive Transport Modelling of Syn-depositional Diagenesis 120
1 Application of Reactive Transport Modeling to CO2 Geological Sequestration and Chemical Stimulation of an Enhanced Geothermal Reservoir 1 Tianfu Xu, Hailong Tian and Jin Na
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Fundamental Theories 2
1.2.1 Governing Equations for Flow and Transport 2
1.2.2 Equations for Chemical Reactions 3
1.2.3 Solution Method for Transport Equations 6
1.2.4 Solution Method for Mixed Equilibrium-Kinetics Chemical System 7
1.3 Application to CO2 Geological Storage (CGS) 8
1.3.1 Overview of Applications in CGS 8
1.3.2 Long-Term Fate of Injected CO2 in Deep Saline Aquifers 10
1.3.2.1 Brief Description of CO2 Storage Site in the Songliao Basin 10
1.3.2.2 Conceptual Model 11
1.3.2.3 Results and Discussion 14
1.3.2.4 Summary and Conclusions 21
1.3.3 Evolution of Caprock Sealing Efficiency after the Intrusion of CO2 26
1.3.3.1 Introduction 26
1.3.3.2 Geological Setting 27
1.3.3.3 Conceptual Model 27
1.3.3.4 Results and Discussion 32
1.3.3.5 Concluding Remarks 44
1.4 Reactive Transport Modeling for Chemical Stimulation of an Enhanced Geothermal Reservoir 45
1.4.1 General Description 45
1.4.2 Brief Description of the EGS Site in Songliao Basin 47
1.4.3 Conceptual Model 47
1.4.3.1 Geometry and Boundary Conditions 47
1.4.3.2 Physical Parameters 48
1.4.3.3 Initial Mineral Composition 48
1.4.3.4 Water Chemistry 49
1.4.3.5 Thermodynamic and Kinetic Parameters 49
1.4.4 Results and Discussion 50
1.4.4.1 HCl Preflush 50
1.4.4.2 Mud Acid Main Flush 50
1.4.5 Concluding Remarks 52
1.5 Conclusions and Outlook 54
Appendix A 55
Acknowledgements 56
References 56
2 Modeling Reactive Transport in CO2 Geological Storage: Applications at the Site Scale and Near-Well Effects 61 P. Audigane, Irina Gaus and Fabrizio Gherardi
2.1 Introduction 61
2.2 Short- and Long-term Predictive Simulations of Trapping Mechanisms 65
2.2.1 Sandy Aquifer: Predictions of Long-term Effects of Storage in Sleipner, North Sea, Norway 69
2.2.2 Near-well Effects in Saline Aquifers in Carbonate Formations: Carbonate Dissolution, Drying, and Salt Crystallization in the Dogger, Paris Basin 72
2.2.3 Depleted Offshore Gas Field: Mixing with Methane K12B Field 77
2.3 Studying CO2 Leakage and Well Integrity by Reactive Transport Modeling 80
2.3.1 Near-well Problem in the Paris Basin 81
2.3.1.1 Weathering of Drilling Cement Prior to Injection 81
2.3.1.2 Cement-Reservoir-Caprock Interface 84
2.3.2 The Impact of CO2 Leakage on Groundwater 90
2.4 Discussion and Conclusion 92
References 98
3 Process-based Modelling of Syn-depositional Diagenesis 107 Fiona Whitaker and Miles Frazer
3.1 Introduction 107
3.2 Fundamentals of Syn-depositional Carbonate Diagenesis 108
3.3 Understanding Syn-depositional Diagenesis through RTM 111
3.3.1 Marine Diagenesis 111
3.3.2 Vadose Zone Diagenesis 113
3.3.3 Freshwater Lens Diagenesis 116
3.3.4 Mixing Zone Diagenesis 118
3.4 Challenges in Reactive Transport Modelling of Syn-depositional Diagenesis 120
