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Rheumatoid arthritis is a medical disorder that is the most common autoimmune form of arthritis.
Autoimmune diseases are illnesses that happen when the body tissues are wrongly attacked by its own immune system which consists of cells and antibodies whose purpose is normally to seek and destroy invaders of the body, especially infections.
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a common chronic inflammatory autoimmune disorder featured by an inflammation of the synovial joints resulting in joint and periarticular tissue damage, as well as a wide range of extra-articular features.
Joint
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Produktbeschreibung
Rheumatoid arthritis is a medical disorder that is the most common autoimmune form of arthritis.
Autoimmune diseases are illnesses that happen when the body tissues are wrongly attacked by its own immune system which consists of cells and antibodies whose purpose is normally to seek and destroy invaders of the body, especially infections.
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a common chronic inflammatory autoimmune disorder featured by an inflammation of the synovial joints resulting in joint and periarticular tissue damage, as well as a wide range of extra-articular features.
Joint inflammation creates typical changes:
1. Heat and sometimes redness,
2. Swelling,
3. Pain,
4. Stiffness (especially in the early morning or after inactivity),
5. Progressive joint destruction and
6. Loss of joint function.
RA is a systemic disease with other manifestations of the disorder:
1. Eyes: secondary Sjogren's syndrome, scleritis and episcleritis.
2. Skin: leg ulcers especially in Felty's syndrome (association of rheumatoid factor positive rheumatoid arthritis, neutropenia and splenomegaly).
3. Rashes, nail fold infarcts.
4. Rheumatoid nodules: these are common, and may occur in the eyes, may be subcutaneous, and may be in the lung, heart and occasionally the vocal cords.
5. Neurological: peripheral nerve entrapment, Atlanto-axial subluxation, polyneuropathy, mononeuritis multiplex.
6. Respiratory system: pleural affliction, pulmonary fibrosis, obliterative bronchiolitis, Caplan's syndrome.
7. Cardiovascular system: pericardial affliction, valvulitis and myocardial fibrosis, immune complex vasculitis.
Two lab tests that often help in the diagnosis are:
1. Rheumatoid factor
2. Anti-CCP antibody
X-rays may show soft tissue swelling, peri-articular osteopenia, loss of joint space, erosions and deformity.
There is no known curative treatment for rheumatoid arthritis.
1. Symptom modifying aids to relieve the symptoms but do not alter the natural history of the conditions.
These medicines are Non-steroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDS) like diclofenac, iboprufen.
2. Disease modifying drugs such as:
a. Steroids
b. Methotrexate,
c. Sulphasalazine,
d. Redaura,
e. Hydroxychloroquine
They have been shown to slow down the damage caused by Rheumatoid Arthritis.

TABLE OF CONTENT
Introduction
Chapter 1 Rheumatoid Arthritis
Chapter 2 Causes
Chapter 3 Symptoms
Chapter 4 Diagnosis
Chapter 5 Treatment
Chapter 6 Prognosis
Chapter 7 Gout
Chapter 8 Osteoarthritis
Epilogue

There was a young woman in the 1970s who had just graduated from Nanyang University who developed this severe condition and swollen joint pains.
After x-rays and blood tests it was confirmed that she had Rheumatoid arthritis.
She was referred to Tan Tock Seng Hospital for treatment.
She was given steroids and painkillers.
Sometimes the pain was so bad that she had to call me for house calls to give her injections to relieve her pain.
It was depressing to see her becoming worse by the year with deformities of her wrists and ankles.
Finally she had to be admitted to hospital for a new anti-cancer medicine which did relieve her pain.
Unfortunately the deformities could not be remedied.
It was sad to see a young woman ready for work becomes a recluse with deformities unable to work or help herself.


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Autorenporträt
Dr. Kenneth Kee is a well-known medical doctor from Singapore who has been practicing medicine since 1972.
He graduated from the University of Singapore and furthered his studies with a Master of Science in Health Management in 1991, followed by a Ph.D. in Healthcare Administration in 1993.
Dr. Kee established Kee Clinic in 1974, located in the Holland Drive area of Singapore. The clinic has been a prominent feature of the community, offering general medical services for 5 decades.
Dr Kee also served his country Singapore as a national service police Inspector at night from 1975 to 1985 while working at his clinic during the day.
He had served as a police guard to the Woodland Petroleum Tanks at night during the Indonesian Confrontation period, took part in police rounds at night in the Beach Road area and taught First aid and emergency resuscitation to Police recruits.
He received the Singapore Police Bicentennial 2020 Medallion on 1st March 2024 as recognition for his work in the Singapore Police.
Even as he grew older, Dr. Kee continued to work actively in his clinic, although he eventually reduced his consultation hours.
Beyond his medical career, Dr. Kee is also an author.
He started writing about medical conditions in 2007, using blogs and other online platforms to share his knowledge with a broader audience.
Over time, he published various books, many of which provide simple and accessible guides to different health conditions.
His works include "A Family Doctor's Tale," "My Personal Singapore History," and numerous medical guides, available through platforms like Amazon.
His books often combine his personal experiences as a family doctor with insights into Singapore's healthcare system and history.
Dr. Kee has written extensively on health topics, contributing to both medical literature and general knowledge resources.

Dr. Kenneth Kee has written numerous books, primarily focused on health education and personal experiences as a family doctor. Some of his notable titles include:
"A Family Doctor's Tale"
This book is a blend of Dr. Kee's personal experiences and his reflections on being a family doctor in Singapore. It's a great choice if you're looking for a narrative that combines both medical knowledge and human stories.
"Specialized Medical Conditions"
Books like **"Congestive Heart Failure: Diagnosis and Treatment"** focus on specific conditions, offering in-dept...