Muhammad ibn 'Isa At-Tirmidhi

The Characteristics of Prophet Muhammad (saw) - Shamail An Nabi (eBook, ePUB)

• Format: ePub

Produktbeschreibung

An Intimate Portrait of Islam's Final Prophet Through Authenticated Historical Sources



The Characteristics of Prophet Muhammed stands as one of the most remarkable works of biographical literature in human historya meticulously documented portrait of a religious figure compiled from eyewitness testimony and subjected to the most rigorous verification standards ever developed. Authored by Imam Tirmidhi (209279 AH), one of Islam's greatest hadith scholars, this work preserves the living memory of Prophet Muhammad ﷺ as witnessed by those who knew him personally.



The Historical Context and Scholarly Achievement



By the third Islamic century, when Imam Tirmidhi undertook this compilation, Muslim scholars faced an urgent challenge: preserving authentic prophetic traditions as the generation of direct witnesses passed into history. The stakes were immensethe Prophet's example (sunnah) provided Muslims their primary model for implementing Qur'anic teachings in daily life. Any corruption of this historical record would undermine Islamic practice for all subsequent generations.



Muslim scholars responded by developing hadith sciences ('ulum al-hadith)a sophisticated methodology for authenticating historical reports. They created the biographical science ('ilm ar-rijal) that catalogued the lives, character, and memorization abilities of approximately 50,000 hadith transmitters. They established classification systems distinguishing reliable from unreliable narrations. They instituted the isnad system, requiring unbroken chains of transmission for any accepted report. No other pre-modern civilization developed historical methodology approaching this rigor.



Imam Tirmidhi mastered these sciences under luminaries including Imam Bukhari and Imam Muslim, then applied them to create Ash-Shamaa'il al-Muhammadiyyathe definitive work on the Prophet's physical and moral characteristics.



The Prophet's Physical Appearance



The work opens with detailed descriptions of the Prophet's appearance, compiled from multiple companion testimonies. We learn he possessed medium statureneither exceptionally tall nor short. His complexion was wheat-colored with luminous brightnessdescribed by one companion as "bright as if molded in silver." His hair was slightly wavy, falling to his earlobes or shoulders depending on when it was last cut.



His face was slightly round with a wide forehead. His eyes were described as "extremely black" with long lashes. Between his shoulder blades lay the Seal of Prophethooddescribed variously as a raised area or cluster of moles. His hands and feet were fully fleshed, his fingers moderately long. When he walked, he moved with vigor, "as if descending from a high place."



These physical descriptions, while historically valuable, served a deeper purpose: enabling Muslims who never met the Prophet to recognize him in dreamsconsidered spiritually significant encounters. The hadith tradition holds that Satan cannot assume the Prophet's form; thus authenticated dream sightings carry theological weight.



Daily Life and Habits



Subsequent chapters detail every aspect of the Prophet's daily routine. His clothing typically consisted of simple garmentshe favored the qamis (long shirt) and sometimes wore a red-striped Yemeni cloak. He owned few outfits, often mended and faded. His ring was silver with an inscription reading "Muhammad Rasul Allah" (Muhammad, Messenger of Allah), used for sealing correspondence to foreign rulers.



His food preferences leaned toward simplicity. He loved pumpkin, dates, honey, and meat (especially the foreleg portion). Yet he often went days without adequate food, once fastening stones to his stomach to ease hunger. His family rarely enjoyed two consecutive meals of bread and meat. When asked why he accepted such poverty despite being Allah's messenger, he replied: "Should I not be a grateful servant?"



Regarding personal hygiene, he used kuhl (antimony-based eye ointment), combed his hair and beard regularly, applied perfume, and trimmed his mustache. He taught companions to trim nails, remove armpit hair, and maintain cleanliness as acts of prophetic tradition.



Worship and Spiritual Practices



Chapters on the Prophet's worship reveal extraordinary devotion. He performed night prayers (tahajjud) so prolonged that his feet swelled. Companions described him standing in prayer until morning, sometimes repeating a single verse throughout the night. During Ramadan, his worship intensified when Angel Gabriel would visit to review the Qur'an with him.



His fasting extended beyond Ramadan's obligatory days. He frequently fasted Mondays and Thursdays, explaining these were days when deeds are presented to Allah. He observed three days monthly and encouraged fasting the Day of 'Ashura. Yet he cautioned against excessive austerity, teaching moderation: "The most beloved deeds to Allah are those practiced regularly, even if small."



His recitation of the Qur'an was melodious and measuredhe articulated each verse distinctly, pausing between them. Companions described his voice as beautiful, and he encouraged Muslims to beautify Qur'anic recitation.



Character and Interpersonal Conduct



The Prophet's moral character forms the heart of the work. Companions testify unanimously to his extraordinary generosityhe never refused a request and distributed everything in his possession. Once he gave away an entire flock of sheep filling a valley, stunning the recipient.



His humility contradicted every expectation of prophetic grandeur. He mended his own clothes, milked his goats, and swept his house. In gatherings, he sat wherever space was available. He accepted invitations from slaves and the poor. When asked to reserve special seating befitting his station, he refused.



His mercy extended universally. With children, he played with them, carried them, and allowed them to climb on his back during prayer. His servant Anas served him for ten years, during which the Prophet never once expressed annoyance. Toward animals, he forbade mistreatment and once delayed prayer when a cat slept on his cloak.



Most remarkably, his forgiveness encompassed even enemies. When Makkans who had persecuted him fell under his authority, he declared a general amnesty. When asked why he did not retaliate, he replied: "I was not sent as a curser but as a mercy."



The Final Days



Later chapters chronicle the Prophet's final illness and death at age sixty-three. Accounts describe his fever, his final sermon, his concern for his community, and his death while resting against his wife 'A'ishah's chest. The work includes poignant details: Abu Bakr kissing his forehead after death, companions' shock and grief, and debates about his burial placeresolved by Abu Bakr's narration that prophets should be buried where they die.



The book concludes with traditions about the Prophet's legacyhe left no material wealth, only his knowledge, example, and the Qur'an. This voluntary poverty underscored his message: he sought no worldly kingdom but called humanity to ethical monotheism and social justice.



Contemporary Significance



For modern readers, The Characteristics of Prophet Muhammed offers multiple layers of value. Historians find unparalleled primary source material on seventh-century Arabia, compiled using methodologies that anticipated modern historical-critical methods by centuries. Students of Islamic studies encounter foundational texts of hadith sciences. Muslims worldwide find their primary model for prophetic emulationdetailed enough to guide worship, ethics, and family life.



Most profoundly, the work demonstrates that Islam's founder was not a distant mythological figure but a fully documented historical person whose appearance, habits, humor, and character were meticulously preserved by those who knew him best. This preservation underscores Islam's foundational claim: Muhammad was Allah's final messenger, and his message too important to be lost to myth or legend.

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Produktdetails

• Verlag: Dar ul Thaqafah
• Seitenzahl: 256
• Erscheinungstermin: 1. Dezember 2025
• Englisch
• ISBN-13: 9789366083728
• Artikelnr.: 76016615

Autorenporträt

Imam Muhammad bin Issa At-Tirmidhi emerged during Islam's golden age of hadith scholarship as one of its most meticulous and innovative scholars. Born in 209 AH (824 CE) in Tirmidh, a prosperous city along the Oxus River in Central Asia, he entered a world where the young Muslim community faced the critical challenge of preserving its Prophet's teachings amidst an expanding empire.



At-Tirmidhi's early education began locally, but his insatiable quest for authentic prophetic traditions drove him to undertake the arduous journeys characteristic of hadith scholars. He traveled to Khurasan, Iraq, and the Hijaz, studying under luminaries including Imam Bukhari, Imam Muslim, and Imam Abu Dawudthe very architects of hadith sciences. His teachers numbered over 250, reflecting both his dedication and the era's scholarly networks.



What distinguished At-Tirmidhi was his methodological innovation. While his predecessors categorized hadith as either sahih (sound) or da'if (weak), At-Tirmidhi introduced the intermediate category of hasan (good)recognizing that many traditions, while not meeting the strictest authentication standards, possessed sufficient reliability for deriving Islamic law. This nuanced approach demonstrated both scholarly rigor and practical wisdom.



His magnum opus, Al-Jami' al-Sahih (also known as Sunan At-Tirmidhi), ranks among the six canonical hadith collections (Kutub al-Sittah) that form the foundation of Sunni Islamic law. The work contains approximately 3,956 hadith, meticulously classified and accompanied by At-Tirmidhi's invaluable commentary noting juristic differences among the major schools of Islamic law. This feature made his collection particularly valuable for legal scholars navigating diverse opinions.



Beyond jurisprudence, At-Tirmidhi's heart drew him to the Prophet's person. Ash-Shamaa'il al-Muhammadiyya (The Noble Characteristics) represented his devotional scholarshipa meticulous compilation of every authenticated detail about the Prophet's physical appearance, habits, character, and daily life. Unlike legal collections, Ash-Shamaa'il served a different purpose: enabling Muslims across time and geography to know their Prophet intimately, to see his smile, hear his voice, and emulate his character. The work became the gold standard for shamaa'il literature, inspiring countless imitations but never surpassed in comprehensiveness or authentication standards.



Tragedy struck when At-Tirmidhi lost his eyesight in his later years, yet he continued teaching and transmitting hadith from memorytestimony to the phenomenal memorization abilities cultivated by classical scholars. He returned to Tirmidh, where he died in 279 AH (892 CE) at approximately seventy years of age.



At-Tirmidhi's influence extends across eleven centuries. His grading system became standard in hadith authentication. His commentary on juristic differences helped students understand the diversity within Islamic legal tradition. Most profoundly, Ash-Shamaa'il provided generations of Muslims a means of cultivating love for the Prophet through intimate knowledge of his noble character. Contemporary scholars across all schools of Islamic thought continue citing At-Tirmidhi's works as authoritative sources, securing his position among the immortal architects of Islamic scholarly tradition.