Drawing on historical case studies from Nigeria, Kenya, South Africa, and other African nations, the study explores the enduring consequences of these colonial policies, such as the struggle for economic independence, the persistence of artificial borders, and the marginalization of indigenous governance structures. It also examines the role of the international community, including former colonial powers, the United States, the Soviet Union, and international financial institutions, in shaping Africa's post-colonial trajectory. Despite these challenges, the chapter offers a path forward, emphasizing the importance of reclaiming African cultural identities, strengthening regional cooperation, and building political systems that prioritize the needs of local populations over external interests. The work concludes that while colonialism's legacy is undeniable, African nations continue to demonstrate resilience and agency in their quest for sovereignty, development, and social justice in the 21st century.
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