As Europe's colonial powers reached China in the nineteenth century, they became so strong that China could no longer ignore them. Given that the unprecedented geographical expansion of the European system undermined a China-centered world order and brought unprecedented changes to Chinese society, an intriguing question-why and how the Chinese empire entered into the capitalist world economy-has attracted increasing attention among historians, historical sociologists, and world-systems researchers. Yet, there has been no comprehensive monograph touching on China's incorporation process into the capitalist world-economy. To rectify this, The Road Taken investigates China's incorporation process. Incorporation studies, based on world-systems analysis, aims to illustrate the long-term integration process of external arenas into the capitalist world-economy. Ru traces China's transformations with a focus on how incorporation process unfolded over the course of a century (1780s-1890s), which represents a watershed era in the relations between China and the capitalist world.
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