In Utopia, St¿phanie Roza explores the nascent ideal of a community of property and labour, not yet called communism, and the thinkers who engaged with it in the lead-up to the French Revolution. These philosophers included ¿tienne-Gabriel Morelly, a fierce critic of private property and the mysterious author of the Code de la Nature; the Abb¿ de Mably, a radical republican and interlocutor of Rousseau; and Gracchus Babeuf, who, from the 1780s onwards, defended the natural right to subsistence and dreamed of a more fraternal world.
Together, they laid the foundations for modern socialist movements. In the crucible of the French Revolution, 'real equality' became the goal of a handful of conspirators gathered around Babeuf, who had meanwhile become the 'tribune of the people'. The Conspiracy of Equals was considered by Marx to be 'the first active communist party': the hopes and questions that ran through the group prefigured those of the militants of later periods, including today.
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