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An updated and expanded guide to performing necropsies on veterinary patients, now covering farm animals and exotics in addition to dogs, cats, and small mammals Veterinary Necropsy Guide, Second Edition delivers practical guidance on how to perform a postmortem examination in animals. The book includes expanded and updated species coverage, now including cattle, horses, sheep, goats, alpacas, llamas, pigs, and exotics, in addition to dogs, cats, and small mammals. It offers detailed descriptions of the necropsy procedure in small animals, comparative anatomy, modified procedures…mehr
An updated and expanded guide to performing necropsies on veterinary patients, now covering farm animals and exotics in addition to dogs, cats, and small mammals
Veterinary Necropsy Guide, Second Edition delivers practical guidance on how to perform a postmortem examination in animals. The book includes expanded and updated species coverage, now including cattle, horses, sheep, goats, alpacas, llamas, pigs, and exotics, in addition to dogs, cats, and small mammals. It offers detailed descriptions of the necropsy procedure in small animals, comparative anatomy, modified procedures appropriate for various species, and special postmortem species.
Each chapter covers an organ system and explains dissection, examination, and tissue collection. The authors also include guidelines for sample collection for ancillary testing. Veterinary Necropsy Guide provides:
A thorough introduction to veterinary necropsy, including when, how, and why to perform a postmortem examination
Comprehensive explorations of canine, feline, small mammal, farm animal, and exotic animal necropsies
Practical discussions of comparative anatomy, procedural modifications, and special necropsy techniques
Complete treatments of the necropsy procedure, organ systems, and additional testing
Veterinary Necropsy Guide is an essential reference for veterinary students, veterinary anatomic pathology residents, and veterinary pathologists, laboratory veterinarians, shelter veterinarians, and veterinary practitioners who perform necropsies.
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Autorenporträt
The authors Sean McDonough, DVM, PhD, is Associate Professor at Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine in Ithaca, New York, USA. Teresa Southard, DVM, PhD, is Associate Professor at Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine in Blacksburg, Virginia, USA.
Inhaltsangabe
Preface xv List of Contributors xvii Acknowledgments xix About the Companion Website xxi Part I Necropsy Fundamentals 1 1 Introduction to the Necropsy 3 1.1 What Is a Necropsy? 3 1.2 Why Do a Necropsy? 3 1.3 What Information Can and Cannot Be Gained from a Necropsy 3 1.4 When to Refer a Necropsy 4 2 Necropsy Basics 6 2.1 Necropsy Facilities 6 2.2 Necropsy Equipment 6 2.3 Safety Considerations 10 2.4 The Importance of a Good History 12 2.5 The Necropsy Report 12 2.6 Postmortem Changes 14 Part II The Mammalian Necropsy 17 3 The Necropsy 19 3.1 Introduction 19 3.2 Small Animal Necropsy Technique 19 3.3 Modifications for Large Animals 32 3.4 Modifications for Pocket Pets 37 4 The Integumentary System 39 4.1 Anatomy Review and Species Differences 39 4.2 Organ Examination and Sampling 42 4.3 Special Techniques 46 4.4 Common Artifacts, Incidental Findings, and Postmortem Changes 47 4.5 Common, Classic, and Pathognomonic Lesions 48 5 The Musculoskeletal System 49 5.1 Anatomy Review and Species Differences 49 5.2 Organ Examination and Sampling 55 5.3 Special Techniques 56 5.4 Common Artifacts, Incidental Findings, and Postmortem Changes 58 5.5 Classic or Pathognomonic Lesions 58 6 The Cardiovascular System 60 6.1 Anatomy Review and Species Differences 60 6.2 Organ Examination and Sampling 66 6.3 Special Techniques 68 6.4 Common Artifacts, Incidental Findings, and Postmortem Changes 69 6.5 Common, Classic, or Pathognomonic Lesions 71 7 The Respiratory System 72 7.1 Anatomy Review and Species Differences 72 7.2 Organ Examination and Sampling 77 7.3 Special Techniques 79 7.4 Common Artifacts, Incidental Findings, and Postmortem Changes 80 7.5 Common, Classic, and Pathognomonic Lesions 81 8 The Alimentary System 82 8.1 Anatomy Review and Species Differences 82 8.2 Organ Examination and Sampling 88 8.3 Special Techniques 90 8.4 Common Artifacts, Incidental Findings, and Postmortem Changes 90 8.5 Common, Classic, and Pathognomonic Lesions 91 9 The Liver and Pancreas 93 9.1 Anatomy Review and Species Differences 93 9.2 Organ Examination and Sampling 97 9.3 Special Techniques 99 9.4 Common Artifacts and Postmortem Changes 99 9.5 Common, Classic, and Pathognomonic Lesions 100 10 The Urogenital System 101 10.1 Anatomy Review and Species Differences 101 10.2 Organ Examination and Sampling 108 10.3 Special Techniques 112 10.4 Common Artifacts and Postmortem Changes 113 10.5 Common, Classic, and Pathognomonic Lesions 114 11 The Nervous System 115 11.1 Anatomy Review and Species Differences 115 11.2 Organ Examination and Sampling 116 11.3 Special Techniques 121 11.4 Common Artifacts, Incidental Findings, and Postmortem Changes 121 11.5 Common, Classic, and Pathognomonic Lesions 123 12 The Eye and Ear 124 12.1 Anatomy Review and Species Differences 124 12.2 Organ Examination and Sampling 127 12.3 Special Techniques 129 12.4 Common Artifacts, Incidental Findings, and Postmortem Changes 131 12.5 Common, Classic, or Pathognomonic Lesions 131 13 The Endocrine System 132 13.1 Anatomy Review and Species Differences 132 13.2 Organ Examination and Sampling 135 13.3 Special Techniques 137 13.4 Common Artifacts and Postmortem Changes 137 13.5 Common, Classic, and Pathognomonic Lesions 137 14 The Lymphoreticular System 139 14.1 Anatomy Review and Species Differences 139 14.2 Organ Examination and Sampling 143 14.3 Special Techniques 147 14.4 Common Artifacts, Incidental Findings, and Postmortem Changes 147 14.5 Common, Classic, or Pathognomonic Lesions 148 Part III Nonmammalian Necropsies 149 15 Birds 151 15.1 Anatomy Review and Species Differences 151 15.2 Safety Considerations 159 15.3 Necropsy Procedure 159 15.4 Special Procedures 161 15.5 Common, Classic, and Pathognomonic Lesions 161 16 Reptiles 162 16.1 Anatomy Review and Order Differences 162 16.2 Safety Considerations 166 16.3 Necropsy Procedure 166 16.4 Common Artifacts, Incidental Findings, and Postmortem Changes 170 16.5 Common, Classic, and Pathognomonic Lesions 171 17 Amphibians 172 17.1 Anatomy Review and Order Differences 172 17.2 Larval Amphibian Anatomy 176 17.3 Safety Considerations 178 17.4 Necropsy Procedure for Adult Amphibians 178 17.5 Necropsy Procedure for Larval Amphibians 179 17.6 Fixation, Decalcification, and Trimming Considerations 179 17.7 Common Artifacts, Incidental Findings, and Postmortem Changes 180 17.8 Common, Classic, and Pathognomonic Lesions 180 18 Fish 181 18.1 Anatomy Review 181 18.2 Species Differences 182 18.3 Safety Considerations 183 18.4 Necropsy Procedure 184 18.5 Special Techniques 187 18.6 Common Artifacts, Incidental Findings, and Postmortem Changes 187 18.7 Common, Classic, and Pathognomonic Lesions 188 Part IV Additional Testing 189 19 Cytology 191 19.1 Types of Cytology Preparations 191 19.2 Making a Touch Imprint 191 19.3 Making a Bone Marrow Smear 191 19.4 Other Preparations 192 19.5 Staining 192 19.6 Atlas of Normal Tissues 193 20 Histopathology 196 20.1 Necropsy Samples for Histopathology 196 20.2 Fixation 196 20.3 Practical Guidelines to Optimize Fixation 199 21 Infectious Disease Testing 201 21.1 Test Types 201 21.2 Aerobic Culture 201 21.3 Anaerobic Culture 202 21.4 Fungal Culture 203 21.5 Fluorescent Antibody Tests 204 21.6 PCR 204 21.7 ELISA 204 21.8 Virus Isolation 204 21.9 Fecal Examination 205 21.10 Immunohistochemistry 205 21.11 In Situ Hybridization 205 22 Toxicology Testing 206 23 Packaging and Shipping Samples 210 23.1 Packing Samples to Send to the Lab 211 Part V Special Cases 213 24 Forensic Necropsies 215 24.1 What Is a Forensic Necropsy? 215 24.2 Who Should Perform a Forensic Necropsy? 215 24.3 How Is a Forensic Necropsy Different from a Diagnostic Necropsy? 215 24.4 Before the Necropsy 216 24.5 The Forensic Necropsy Procedure 217 24.6 Forensic Necropsy Report 219 Part VI Appendices 221 Appendix 1 Normal Organ Weights (Percentage Body Weight) 223 Appendix 2 Describing Gross Lesions 233 Appendix 3 Tissue Collection Checklists 235 Appendix 4 Online Resources 237 Index 239
Preface xv List of Contributors xvii Acknowledgments xix About the Companion Website xxi Part I Necropsy Fundamentals 1 1 Introduction to the Necropsy 3 1.1 What Is a Necropsy? 3 1.2 Why Do a Necropsy? 3 1.3 What Information Can and Cannot Be Gained from a Necropsy 3 1.4 When to Refer a Necropsy 4 2 Necropsy Basics 6 2.1 Necropsy Facilities 6 2.2 Necropsy Equipment 6 2.3 Safety Considerations 10 2.4 The Importance of a Good History 12 2.5 The Necropsy Report 12 2.6 Postmortem Changes 14 Part II The Mammalian Necropsy 17 3 The Necropsy 19 3.1 Introduction 19 3.2 Small Animal Necropsy Technique 19 3.3 Modifications for Large Animals 32 3.4 Modifications for Pocket Pets 37 4 The Integumentary System 39 4.1 Anatomy Review and Species Differences 39 4.2 Organ Examination and Sampling 42 4.3 Special Techniques 46 4.4 Common Artifacts, Incidental Findings, and Postmortem Changes 47 4.5 Common, Classic, and Pathognomonic Lesions 48 5 The Musculoskeletal System 49 5.1 Anatomy Review and Species Differences 49 5.2 Organ Examination and Sampling 55 5.3 Special Techniques 56 5.4 Common Artifacts, Incidental Findings, and Postmortem Changes 58 5.5 Classic or Pathognomonic Lesions 58 6 The Cardiovascular System 60 6.1 Anatomy Review and Species Differences 60 6.2 Organ Examination and Sampling 66 6.3 Special Techniques 68 6.4 Common Artifacts, Incidental Findings, and Postmortem Changes 69 6.5 Common, Classic, or Pathognomonic Lesions 71 7 The Respiratory System 72 7.1 Anatomy Review and Species Differences 72 7.2 Organ Examination and Sampling 77 7.3 Special Techniques 79 7.4 Common Artifacts, Incidental Findings, and Postmortem Changes 80 7.5 Common, Classic, and Pathognomonic Lesions 81 8 The Alimentary System 82 8.1 Anatomy Review and Species Differences 82 8.2 Organ Examination and Sampling 88 8.3 Special Techniques 90 8.4 Common Artifacts, Incidental Findings, and Postmortem Changes 90 8.5 Common, Classic, and Pathognomonic Lesions 91 9 The Liver and Pancreas 93 9.1 Anatomy Review and Species Differences 93 9.2 Organ Examination and Sampling 97 9.3 Special Techniques 99 9.4 Common Artifacts and Postmortem Changes 99 9.5 Common, Classic, and Pathognomonic Lesions 100 10 The Urogenital System 101 10.1 Anatomy Review and Species Differences 101 10.2 Organ Examination and Sampling 108 10.3 Special Techniques 112 10.4 Common Artifacts and Postmortem Changes 113 10.5 Common, Classic, and Pathognomonic Lesions 114 11 The Nervous System 115 11.1 Anatomy Review and Species Differences 115 11.2 Organ Examination and Sampling 116 11.3 Special Techniques 121 11.4 Common Artifacts, Incidental Findings, and Postmortem Changes 121 11.5 Common, Classic, and Pathognomonic Lesions 123 12 The Eye and Ear 124 12.1 Anatomy Review and Species Differences 124 12.2 Organ Examination and Sampling 127 12.3 Special Techniques 129 12.4 Common Artifacts, Incidental Findings, and Postmortem Changes 131 12.5 Common, Classic, or Pathognomonic Lesions 131 13 The Endocrine System 132 13.1 Anatomy Review and Species Differences 132 13.2 Organ Examination and Sampling 135 13.3 Special Techniques 137 13.4 Common Artifacts and Postmortem Changes 137 13.5 Common, Classic, and Pathognomonic Lesions 137 14 The Lymphoreticular System 139 14.1 Anatomy Review and Species Differences 139 14.2 Organ Examination and Sampling 143 14.3 Special Techniques 147 14.4 Common Artifacts, Incidental Findings, and Postmortem Changes 147 14.5 Common, Classic, or Pathognomonic Lesions 148 Part III Nonmammalian Necropsies 149 15 Birds 151 15.1 Anatomy Review and Species Differences 151 15.2 Safety Considerations 159 15.3 Necropsy Procedure 159 15.4 Special Procedures 161 15.5 Common, Classic, and Pathognomonic Lesions 161 16 Reptiles 162 16.1 Anatomy Review and Order Differences 162 16.2 Safety Considerations 166 16.3 Necropsy Procedure 166 16.4 Common Artifacts, Incidental Findings, and Postmortem Changes 170 16.5 Common, Classic, and Pathognomonic Lesions 171 17 Amphibians 172 17.1 Anatomy Review and Order Differences 172 17.2 Larval Amphibian Anatomy 176 17.3 Safety Considerations 178 17.4 Necropsy Procedure for Adult Amphibians 178 17.5 Necropsy Procedure for Larval Amphibians 179 17.6 Fixation, Decalcification, and Trimming Considerations 179 17.7 Common Artifacts, Incidental Findings, and Postmortem Changes 180 17.8 Common, Classic, and Pathognomonic Lesions 180 18 Fish 181 18.1 Anatomy Review 181 18.2 Species Differences 182 18.3 Safety Considerations 183 18.4 Necropsy Procedure 184 18.5 Special Techniques 187 18.6 Common Artifacts, Incidental Findings, and Postmortem Changes 187 18.7 Common, Classic, and Pathognomonic Lesions 188 Part IV Additional Testing 189 19 Cytology 191 19.1 Types of Cytology Preparations 191 19.2 Making a Touch Imprint 191 19.3 Making a Bone Marrow Smear 191 19.4 Other Preparations 192 19.5 Staining 192 19.6 Atlas of Normal Tissues 193 20 Histopathology 196 20.1 Necropsy Samples for Histopathology 196 20.2 Fixation 196 20.3 Practical Guidelines to Optimize Fixation 199 21 Infectious Disease Testing 201 21.1 Test Types 201 21.2 Aerobic Culture 201 21.3 Anaerobic Culture 202 21.4 Fungal Culture 203 21.5 Fluorescent Antibody Tests 204 21.6 PCR 204 21.7 ELISA 204 21.8 Virus Isolation 204 21.9 Fecal Examination 205 21.10 Immunohistochemistry 205 21.11 In Situ Hybridization 205 22 Toxicology Testing 206 23 Packaging and Shipping Samples 210 23.1 Packing Samples to Send to the Lab 211 Part V Special Cases 213 24 Forensic Necropsies 215 24.1 What Is a Forensic Necropsy? 215 24.2 Who Should Perform a Forensic Necropsy? 215 24.3 How Is a Forensic Necropsy Different from a Diagnostic Necropsy? 215 24.4 Before the Necropsy 216 24.5 The Forensic Necropsy Procedure 217 24.6 Forensic Necropsy Report 219 Part VI Appendices 221 Appendix 1 Normal Organ Weights (Percentage Body Weight) 223 Appendix 2 Describing Gross Lesions 233 Appendix 3 Tissue Collection Checklists 235 Appendix 4 Online Resources 237 Index 239
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