The Renaissance emerges as a key cultural movement that redefined humanism, blending art, science, and individualism, laying the foundation for the Scientific Revolution. Figures like Copernicus, Galileo, Kepler, and Newton challenged the Ptolemaic cosmology and established a new empirical approach to understanding the universe. As the Enlightenment unfolded, reason and progress took center stage, with thinkers like Locke, Rousseau, Voltaire, and Kant advocating for political and moral reforms based on liberty, equality, and rational inquiry.
Through a deep analysis of primary sources, key authors, and historical events, this book examines how each of these intellectual currentshumanism, scientific discovery, and Enlightenment idealsshaped the modern world. The tension between science and religion, the growth of individualism, and the questioning of traditional authority are themes that run throughout, illustrating the profound cultural, political, and intellectual transformations that redefined Western civilization.
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